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MCAT ALL > Cell Bio > Flashcards

Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleolus

A

Subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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2
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound structures
Contain hydrolylic enzymes that can break down different substrates and cell waste products
When these enzymes are released autolysis of the cell occurs which leads to apoptosis

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3
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes, that allow translation of proteins that are suppose to be secreted in lumen

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4
Q

Smooth ER

A

Does NOT have ribosomes
Used for lipid synthesis and for the detoxification of certain drugs and poison
transport proteins from the RER to the golgi apprantus

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5
Q

Golgi Apparantus

A

Materials modified, repackaged and transferred

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6
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide
Break down long chains of fatty acids via Beta oxidation
Synthesis of phospholipids and enzymes for pentose phosphate pathway

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural support- stability and rigidity and transport pathways
Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

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8
Q

Microfillaments

A

Solid rods of actin
Provide structural protection for cell and can cause muscle contraction through interactions with myosin.
They help form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis

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9
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Composed of tubulin
  • Create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
  • Contribute to the structure of cillia and flagella, where they are organized in a ring with two microtubules at the center (9+2 structure).
  • Centrioles are found in centrosomes
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10
Q

2 organizing centers for microtubules

A

Centrosomes

Basal body

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11
Q

Intermediate fillaments

A

Involved in cell-celll adhesion or maintenance of integrity of the cytoskeleton
Help anchor organelles
Examples: keratin and desmin

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12
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A
  • covers the body and line its cavities, protecting against pathogen invasion and desiccation. Some epithelial cells absorb or secrete substances or participate in sensation.
  • Form Parenchyma
  • Polarized
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13
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional parts of the organ

Epithelial tissues form this

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14
Q

Layers in Epithelia

A

Simple Epithelia - one layer
Stratified Epithelia - many layers
Psuedostatified Epithelia - appear to have many layers because the differences in cell heights, but actually have one layer

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15
Q

Epithelia cell shape

A

Cuboidal cells- cube shaped
Columnar cells- long and narrow
Squamous cells- flat and scale like

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16
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Supports the body and provides framework for epithelial cells
  • Stroma
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17
Q

Stroma

A

Support structure by secreting materials to form an extracellular matrix
Connective tissue

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18
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood

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19
Q

What group is prokaryotes part of

A

Archea and bacteria

20
Q

Archea

A

Single celled
Extremophiles (living in harsh environment)
Chemosynthesis- can use alternate sources of energy

21
Q

How are Archea similar to Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes: Start translation with methionine, contain RNA polymerases and associate DNA with histones

Prokaryotes: Single circular chromosome and divide by binary fission

22
Q

Bacteria

A

Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm and some have flagella

23
Q

Bacteria Shape

A

Cocci- Spherical Shape
Bacilli- Rod-shaped
Spirilli- Spiral shaped

24
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Purple

-Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic acid

25
Q

Gram-Negative bacteria

A

Pink-red

- Thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan an outer layer of phospholipids and lopopolysaccharides.

26
Q

Cillia

A

Projection from the cell that allow movement of material along the cell surface such as in the respiratory tract

27
Q

Flagella

A

Movement of the cell itself; sperm

28
Q

9+2 structure

A

Cillia and flagella

9 microtubules in the outer ring and 2 microtubules in the center

29
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci- spherical shape
Bacilli- rod shaped
Spirilla- spiral shaped

30
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

31
Q

Prokaryotic flagella made of

A

Makes up of filament, basal body and hook

32
Q

Virulent factors

A

Traits that increase how pathogenic a bacteria is such as toxin production- can get through plasmids

33
Q

Episomes

A

Subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

34
Q

Transformation

A

A form of recombination in bacteria

Genetic material from the environment can be integrated into bacterial genome

35
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction in bacteria
2 cells forming a conjugated bridge between them that allows for the transfer of genetic material. Unidirectional transfer from donor male to female

36
Q

Transduction

A

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using bacteriophage as a vector (virus)

37
Q

Teanspoons

A

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome

38
Q

Bacterial growth phases

A

Lag phase- bacteria adapt to new local conditions
Exponential- growth increases
Stationary - resources reduced and growth levels off
Death- as resources become insufficient

39
Q

Viruses

A

No organelles or nucles

Composed of genetic material, protein coat and some have lipids

40
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat

41
Q

Virons

A

Individual virus particles that can be resealed into host cell

42
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that specifically target bacteria
Don’t enter only eject
They contain tail sheath which inject genetic material and tail fibers which allow it to attach to host cell

43
Q

Retroviruses

A

Are enveloped single stranded RNA virus to which a complementary dna strand is synthesized using reverse transcriptase and then dna integrates into host dna
Eg- hiv

44
Q

Lyric cycle

A

Makes massive number of virons until cell loses. Bacteria in this phase are called virulent

45
Q

Lysogenic

A

The virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophase and reproduces along with the cell. Then provirus leave the genome at some time in response to a stimuli and enter the lytic cycle

MCAT ALL (56 decks)

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