Motivation, Emotion and Stress

Question 1

What are the primary factors that influence motivation?

Answer 1

Instincts, Arousal, Drives and Needs

Question 2

Instinct theory

Answer 2

People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionary programmed instincts

Question 3

Arousal theory

Answer 3

People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at optimal level.

Question 4

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 4

Associated with Arousal theory

Shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal

Question 5

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 5

States that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.

Question 6

Maslow’ s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 6

Prioritizes needes in 5 categories: Physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

Question 7

Self-determination Theory

Answer 7

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy- need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence- the need to compete and excel at different tasks; relatedness- need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

Question 8

Incentive theory

Answer 8

Explains motivation as the desired to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 9

Expectancy- value theory

Answer 9

States that the amount of motivation for a task is based on individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 10

Opponent -process theory

Answer 10

Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 11

What are the three main elements of emotion

Answer 11

1. Physiological response ( automatic nervous system)- heart rate, breathing, skin temperature, blood pressure
2. Behavioral Response: Facial Expression, body language
3. Cognitive response: Subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of cause of emotion

Question 12

What are the seven universal emotions?

Answer 12

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 13

James Lange Theory

Answer 13

First Response: Nervous system arousal (physiological response)
Second response: Conscious emotion labeling
-Requires connection between sympathetic nervous system and brain

Question 14

Cannon Bard Theory

Answer 14

First Response: Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
Second response: Action
- Does not explain vague Nerve

Question 15

Schachter- Singer Theory

Answer 15

First response: Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: Conscious Emotion
- both arousal and labeling of emotion based on environment required to feel emotion

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

Attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions and part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Question 17

Thalamus

Answer 17

Sensory Processing station

Question 18

Hypothalamus

Answer 18

Release neurotransmitter that affect mood and arousal

homeostasis

Question 19

Hippocampus

Answer 19

Creates long term explicit (episodic) memories

Question 20

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

involved in planning, expressing personality, making decisions

Question 21

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

critical for experiencing emotion

Question 22

Ventromedial Per-frontal cortex

Answer 22

Involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision- making

Question 23

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 23

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

Question 24

Primary Appraisal

Answer 24

Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Question 25

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 25

Directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge

Question 26

What are the 3 stages of General adaptation syndrome?

Answer 26

Alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Question 27

Alarm Stage

Answer 27

Activation of sympathetic nervous system, release of ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 28

Resistance

Answer 28

Continuous release of hormones activates sympathetic nervous system

Question 29

Exhaustion

Answer 29

Can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organ systems deteriorate, death.