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MCAT ALL > B/S Ch6 Identity and Personality > Flashcards

B/S Ch6 Identity and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between self-concept and Identity?

A

Self concept is the sum of all the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, who we used to be, and who we may become in the future.
Identity- describes a set of behaviors and labels we take on when in a specific group

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2
Q

What 3 factors determine ethnic identity?

A
  1. Cultural heritage
  2. Common ancestry
  3. Language
    determines by birth
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3
Q

National identity?

A

Not determined by birth

Determined by political borders of where one lives, and the cultural identity of that nation

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4
Q

Androgyny

A

State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine, while those who achieve a low score in both are called undifferentiated

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5
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Each of us has 3 selves- closer the 3 selves to each other the higher the self-esteem

  1. Actual self- the way we see ourselves currently
  2. Ideal self- they way we would like to be
  3. Ought self- representation of the way others think we should be
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6
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Our belief in out ability to succeed

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7
Q

If a person fails in completing one of the stages.. how would each theorist respond?
Freud
Erikson
Kohlberg

A

Freud- Say a person has become fixated in that stage and will display the personality traits of that fixation for the rest of her/his life
Erikson- Say that the individual will still move through subsequent phases, but will lack the skills and virtues granted the failed stage
Kohlberg- say that the individual was incapable of reasoning at the level of failure and that the individual would use the reasoning described in the previous stage to resolve moral dilemma.

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8
Q

Kohlberg theory of moral development

A
  1. Pre-conventional- reasoning based on individual rewards and punishments
  2. Conventional- Reasoning is based on the relationship of the individual to society
  3. Post-conventional- reasoning is based on abstract principles
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9
Q

Pre-conventional mortality

A

Preadolescence

1) obedience-avoiding punishment
2) self interest - gaining rewards **instrumental relativist stage because based on concept of reciprocity and sharing

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10
Q

Conventional mortality

A

Adolescence to adulthood

3) conformity - person seeks approval of others
4) law and order - maintains social order in highest regard

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11
Q

Post-conventional mortality

A

Adulthood

5) social contract - moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good, individual rights
6) universal human ethics - decisions made in consideration to abstract principles

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12
Q

neurosis

A

Functional mental disorder in response to anxiety caused by fixation that persist into adulthood

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13
Q

Freud psychosexual development stages

A 
Oral (0-1 years)
Anal (1-3 years)
Phallic or oedipal (3-5 years)
Latency (until puberty)
Genital (puberty to adulthood)
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14
Q

Erikson psychosocial development stages

A 
Trust vs Mistrust: 0-1 years
Autonomy vs shame and doubt : 1-3 years
Initiative vs guilt : 3-6 years
Industry vs inferiority : 6-12 years
Identity vs role confusion : 12-20 years
Intimacy vs isolation: 20-40 years
Generativity vs stagnation: 40-65 years
Integrity vs despair: 65 + years
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15
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

0-1 years
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers
provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this
will lead to mistrust.

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16
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

1-3 years

  • exert control over the world and exercise choice as well as self restraint
  • unfavorable = external locus of control, sense of doubt
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17
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

3-6 years

  • sense of purpose, initiate activities, enjoy accomplishment
  • unfavorable = fear punishment, overcompensate
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18
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

6-12 years

  • competent, able to exercise abilities and intelligence
  • unfavorable = inadequacy, low self esteem
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19
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

12-20 years

  • physiological revolution
  • fidelity and ability to see oneself as unique and integrated person
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20
Q

Intimacy vs isolation:

A

20-40 years
-love, ability to have relationships with others, ability to commit to another person
- failure results in
loneliness and isolation.

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21
Q

Generativity vs stagnation:

A

40-65 years
productive, caring, contributing member of society
- failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

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22
Q

Integrity vs despair:

A

65 + years
-see wisdom, meaning of life, acceptance of being worthwhile
- failure results in regret,
bitterness, and despair

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23
Q

Zone of proximal Development

A

Vygotsky
Referring to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills require a more knowledgeable other (adults)

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24
Q

Difference between Freud, Jung, and Adler

A
  • Freud - behavior motivated by inborn instincts
  • Jung- person’s conduct is governed by inborn archetypes
  • Adler- people are primarily motivated by striving for superiority
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25
Q

Theory of Mind

A

ability to sense how other people’s minds work

can recognize what others think of us

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26
Q

Looking Glass Self

A
  • our selves back to ourselves

- how we see other perceiving us

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27
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories of Personality

A
  • most widely varying perspectives on behavior but assume that unconscious internal states motivate overt actions of individuals and determine personality
  • Freud is supporter
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28
Q

Id

A
  • all basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce
  • functions according to pleasure principle in which the aim is to achieve instant gratification
  • primary process is response to frustration
  • wish fulfillment = mental imagery to fulfill satisfaction, daydreaming
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29
Q

Ego

A
  • operates according to reality principle which takes objective reality as it guides or inhibits id activity and id’s pleasure principle
  • secondary process
  • reality principle = postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained
  • only postpones primary processes to meet demands of objective reality
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30
Q

Sugerego

A
  • personality’s perfectionist
  • judges our actions and responds with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures
  • conscience - collection of improper actions for which a child is punished
  • ego ideal - consists of those proper actions for which a child is rewarded
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31
Q

3 categories to access id, ego, and superego

A

1) conscious - thoughts we have
2) preconscious - thoughts we aren’t currently aware of
3) unconscious - thoughts that have been repressed

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32
Q

Instinct - Freud

A

-innate psychological representations of biological needs
life and death instincts
-eros - promotes quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual need
-thanatos - represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction

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33
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A
  • relieving anxiety by the clash of id and superego
    1) deny, falsify, or distort reality
    2) operate unconsciously
34
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A
  • relies on projection

- assumption that clients projects his or her unconscious feelings onto the shape

35
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

shown pictures and make up story about them which will reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings

36
Q

Repression

A
  • forces thoughts and urges to the unconscious
  • unconscious forgetting
  • ex- man who survived in concentration camp, cannot remember anything about his life there
37
Q

Suppression

A
  • consciously removes idea or feeling from consciousness

- ex- terminally ill person may put aside anxiety to enjoy time with family

38
Q

Regression

A
  • returning to an earlier stage of development

- ex- in stressful situations, children may resort back to sucking thumbs

39
Q

Reaction Formation

A
  • suppresses urges by converting them to the exact opposite

- ex- outwardly express hatred for something that you really want but cannot have

40
Q

Projection

A
  • attribute undesired feelings to others

- ex- “I hate my parents” can turn to “my parents hate me”

41
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of behaviors in a manner that is socially acceptable

42
Q

Displacement

A

-transference of undesired urge from one person or object to another
ex- angry at work and come home and yell at family

43
Q

Sublimation

A

-transformation of unacceptable urges to acceptable behaviors
ex- pent up sexual urges to artistic creativity

44
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • psychoanalyst
  • libido = psychic energy
  • ego = conscious and unconscious
  • 2 parts to unconscious = personal unconscious and collective unconscious
45
Q

Collective unconcious

A

Share among all humans and considered to be the residue of experiences of our ancestors

46
Q

Archetypes

A
  • result of collective unconscious

- images of common experiences for everyone

47
Q

Anima/Animus

A
  • archetype, Carl Jung
  • sex-innappropriate behaviors
  • feminine behaviors in men and masculine behaviors in females (women seeking power)
48
Q

Persona

A

-archetype, Carl Jung
-personality that we present to the world
emphasize those that improve our social standing

49
Q

Shadow

A
  • archetype, Carl Jung

- appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions

50
Q

Self

A
  • archetype, Carl Jung
  • known as mandala
  • point of intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and conscious mind
51
Q

Jung’s 3 Dichotomies of Personality

A

extraversion vs introversion
sensing vs intuiting
thinking vs feeling

52
Q

Inferiority Complex

A
  • individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially
  • Alfred Adler
  • striving for superiority drives personality
53
Q

Creative Self

A
  • force by which individual shapes his uniqueness

- establish personality

54
Q

Style of Life

A
  • manifestation of creative self

- describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority

55
Q

Fictional Finalism

A

-Adler
-individual is motivated more by expectation of the future than by the past experiences
-based on subjective estimate and not objective data
life would be perfect if only….

56
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by 1 of 10 neurotic needs which are directed toward making life and interactions bearable
  • problematic if - disproportionate in intensity, indiscriminate, disregard reality, or cause anxiety
57
Q

Basic Anxiety

A

Horney termed helplessness and vulnerability this

58
Q

Object Relations Theory

A
  • object is caregiver based on subjective experiences during early infancy
  • objects exist throughout our lives and impact interaction
59
Q

Humanist/Phenomenological Theory

A
  • internal feelings of healthy people as they strive toward self realization
  • our personality is result of conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs
60
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A
  • humanism
  • practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self seeing each individual as a complete person and NOT reducing person to individual behaviors or drives
61
Q

Force Field Theory

A
  • Kurt Lewin
  • very little stock in constraints and personalities
  • focused little on individual’s past or future and more on the present
  • field = one’s current state of mind
  • forces= those assisting in attaining our goals and those blocking them
62
Q

George Kelly

A
  • personal construct psychology
  • set aside motivation, unconscious emotion, and reinforcement
  • each individual is a scientist who has predictions on behaviors of significant people in their lives
  • psychotherapy= process of insight allowing people to successfully predict troublesome events
63
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • psychotherapy
  • client centered, person centered, non directive therapy
  • people have freedom to control own behavior
  • unconditioned positive regard = therapists accept clients completely and express empathy to promote positive environment
64
Q

Type and Trait Theorists

A
  • type = taxonomy of personality types

- trait = describe individual personality as sum of a person’s characteristic behaviors

65
Q

William Sheldon

A
  • somatotypes - body types determine personality

- Type A and Type B where A was competitive and compulsive but B was laid back and relaxed

66
Q

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

A

-used factor analysis to group behaviors that typically occur together and assigned labels to those groups
trait theorist
-3 traits in PEN model

67
Q

Basic hostility

A

Neglect and rejection causes anger

Karen horney

68
Q

PEN Model

A
  1. Psychoticism- measure of non-conformity and social deviance
  2. Extraversion- Measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
  3. Neuroticism- Measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation
69
Q

Big Five

A

OCEAN

-openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

70
Q

Gordon Allport

A
  • 3 basic types of thats or dispositions = cardinal, central, secondary
  • functional autonomy = behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior
71
Q

Cardinal Traits

A

around which a person organizes his or her life

-Gordon Allport

72
Q

Central Traits

A

represent major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer
-Gordon Allport

73
Q

Secondary Traits

A

other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
-Gordon Allport

74
Q

David McCelland

A
  • personality trait that is referred to as need for achievement (N-Ach)
  • people high in this have pride in accomplishments - avoid high risks and low risks
75
Q

Behaviorist

A
  • B.F. Skinner
  • operant conditioning
  • personality is simply a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time so therapy should be focused on those behaviors
  • ex= token economies
76
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A
  • not just on how our environment influences our behavior but also how we interact with that environment
  • Albert Bandura - reciprocal determinism = idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions
77
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions
- Social cognitive prespective

78
Q

Ought Self

A

appraisal of how others see us so it is not part of self concept

79
Q

Self-Concept

A
  • past self, future self, self schema

- all the ways in which we see ourselves

80
Q

Self-schema

A
  • self given label that carries a set of qualities

- appraisal of who were used to be and who we will become

81
Q

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

A

doll experiment with black and white dolls

-majority of people wanted the white doll

82
Q

Hierarchy of Salience

A
  • identities are organized according to this
  • let situation dictate which identity holds most importance for us at any given moment
  • the more salient the identity, the more likely we are to conform to the role expectation

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