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RUSVM SAM 2 > Fundus > Flashcards

Fundus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the fundus?

A 
Sclera 
Choroid (vascular) 
Tapetum 
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 
Neurosensory retina (rods, cones, and retinal blood vessel)
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2
Q

T/F: lacking pigmented epithelium or the tapetum from the retina can be a normal variation

A

True

Occurs in light blue eyed dogs (husky)

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3
Q

T/F: the optic nerve is myelinated in dogs and cats

A

False

Myelinated in dogs

Absent in cats —> optic disc appears dark, round and small

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4
Q

What are hallmarks of retinal disease?

A 
Retinal hemorrhage 
Retinal detachment 
Vascular changes 
Altered tapetal reflectivity 
Altered pigmentation 
Altered optic nerve Head appearance
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5
Q

What are possible causes of retinal hemorrhage?

A 
Anemia 
Systemic hypertension 
Hyperviscosity 
Diabetes mellitus 
Chorioretintitis 
Coagulopathy 
Trauma 
Retinal detachment
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6
Q

Where can retinal hemorrhage be localized?

A

Pre- retinal (keel boat)
Within nerve fiber (flame-shaped)
Within retina (dot-blot)
Sub-retinal (diffuse, irregular)

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7
Q

What initial diagnostic work up do you do if you have a patient with retinal hemorrhage?

A

CBC/Chem
PT/PTT
Blood pressure

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8
Q

What are causes of retinal detachment?

A 
Retinal degeneration 
Vitreous disease 
Congenital malformation 
Lens luxation 
Neoplasia 
Intraocular inflammation — chorioretintitis 
Trauma 
Vascular disease — hypertension
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9
Q

What is retinal detachment ?

A

Separation of neurosensory retinal from RPE

Remains attached at ONH and oral ciliaris

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10
Q

Bulbous detachment of the retinal is an early sign of __________________ disease in cats

A

Feline hypertensive retinopathy

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11
Q

What is the treatment for bulbous retinal detachment associated with feline hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Antihypertensive therapy —amlodipine

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12
Q

What is retinal dialysis/

A

Compete retinal detachment AND tear

No longer attached at ora ciliaris

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13
Q

Retinal dialysis is a common occurrence with primary vitreous degeneration. What breeds are predisposed ?

A

Shih Tzu
Havanese
Chinese crested

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14
Q

How does the retina appear with retinal dialysis?

A

Tapetum is hyper-reflective because no overlying retina is there to absorbed light and the retinal is folded over the optic nerve

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15
Q

What is the treatment for retinal dialysis?

A

Partial detachments - retinopexy

Complete detachments

  • re-attachment surgery
  • poor visual success rate
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16
Q

Increased tortuously of the vascular retina is associated with ??

A

Hypertension

Hyperviscosity (polycythemia)

17
Q

In what cases can you get increased reflectivity of the tapetum?

A

Retinal thinning

  • degeneration/scarring
  • retinal detachment/tear
18
Q

In what cases can you have decreased reflectivity of the tapetum?

A

Increased retinal thickening

  • folding
  • edema
  • inflitrates
  • effusion
19
Q

What are disorders of retinal degeneration?

A

Progressive retinal atrophy
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome
Feline central retinal degeneration
Drug-associated rental degeneration

20
Q

What is progressive retinal atrophy?

A

Bilateral and symmetrical degeneration

GRADUAL Photoreceptor degeneration — causing night blindness initially then progressing to gradual loss of vision

21
Q

What is the treatment for progressive retinal atrophy?

A

None

22
Q

Clinical signs of progressive retinal atrophy?

A

Slow/incomplete PLR

Narrowing and loss of retinal blood vessels = attenuation

Tapetal hyper-reflectivity

Optic nerve atrophy

Non-tapetal pigmentary changes

Secondary cataract formation

23
Q

What is sudden aquired rental degeneration syndrome (SARDS)?

A

Bilateral and symmetrical

ACUTE photoreceptor death
-dilated pupils but fundus appears normal

24
Q

SARDS is associated with what signalment?

A

Middle aged/older dogs

Obesity/weight gain

PU/PD/PP
CBC and biochem are suggestive of hyperadrenocortisim but most cases do not have cushings

25
Q

What is feline central rental degeneration?

A

Initial degeneration confined to ellipical area dorsolateral to ONH

26
Q

Feline central retinal degeneration may be associated with what nutrional deficiency?

A

Taurine

27
Q

What antibiotic can cause retinal degeneration in cats

A

Enrofloxacin

—- functional defects in ABCG2 allows drug to cross blood-retinal barrier

28
Q

What is chorioretintitis?

A

Inflammation of the chronic (uvea) and retinal

Gray-white ares of edema or cellular infiltrate in the retina
Can aslo have retinal detachment, rentinal hemorrhage, vitreous haze, impaired vision, anterior uveitis

29
Q

What work up will you do for chorioretintitis ?

A

PE

CBC/biochem/UA/thoracic rads

Serology (fungal and tick titers)

30
Q

Treatment for chorioretintitis?

A

Address specific causes
Anti-microbial
Anti-inflammatory — if infectious diseases excluded

RUSVM SAM 2 (44 decks)

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