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OD1 - Integrated Ophthalmic Sciences & Preclinical Optometry > BS - Blood Retina Barrier - Week 3 > Flashcards

BS - Blood Retina Barrier - Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two circulatory systems.

A

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

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2
Q

Name the three components of the cardiovascular system.

A

Heart
Pulmonary
Systemic

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3
Q

Name the 5 components of the systemic circulation.

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
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4
Q

Which of the following vessels have valves?
Arteries
Veins
Lymphatic vessels

A

Veins

Lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Name the innermost layer of a blood vessel.

Give its alternate name, and describe the number of cell layers, shape, type, and association with tissue (2).

A 
Tunica intima (or interna)
Is a single layer of flattened squamous endothelial cells, with underlying connective tissue called internal elastic lamina (endothelial side).
A basement membrane is found in between.
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6
Q

Name and describe the middle layer of a blood vessel. What kind of tissue is it?

A

Tunica media

Circumferentual smooth muscle cells with underlying connective tissue called external elastic lamina (endothelial side).

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7
Q

Name and describe the outermost layer of a blood vessel. What kind of tissue is it?

A 
Tunica adventitia (or externa)
Fibroelastic tissue.
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8
Q

Define the lumen and endothelium of a blood vessel.

A

Consider the innermost cell layer. The side facing inside the vessel is the lumen. The side facing outward is the endothelium.

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9
Q

What do endothelial cells line? What are they connected by (2)?

A

Blood vessel lumen. Connected by tight/gap junctions.

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10
Q

Name 2 things that can cause damage to the lumen.

A

Diabetes

Nicotine use

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11
Q

Where are pinocytotic vesicles found, and what is their function? What does this allow for?

A

Found in endothelial cells, allowing the passage of fluid across cells from the blood. Allows the lumen to act as a selective filter.

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12
Q

What kind of nerves supply blood vessels?

A

Unmyelinated fibres

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13
Q

What does the tunica media mostly consist of?

A

Fenestrated lamellae of elastin

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14
Q

Describe the vasa vasorum of elastic arteries.

A

Very thicc

Needs its own blood supply

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15
Q

Where are elastic arteries typically found?

A

All arteries close to the heart like the aorta and its branches, common iliac trunk, and the pulmonary trunk.

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16
Q

What are elastic arteries, and where are they typically found?

A

Distributing arteries.

Most arteries from the aorta

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17
Q

Name 3 distinguishing features of muscular arteries.

A
  • Internal elastic lamina is prominent and undulates.
  • Thick tunica media composed mostly of smooth muscle cells, 40 layers
  • Sparse vasa vasorum in the tunica adventitia
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18
Q

Define an arteriole (2).

A

Artery with a diameter of <0.1mm

Width of the wall is approximately equal to the lumen

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19
Q

What is the tunica intima like in arterioles?

A

No internal elastic lamina, except in larger arterioles.

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20
Q

What is the tunica media like in arterioles?

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells.

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21
Q

True or false

Arterioles have an external elastic lamina

A

False, they do not

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22
Q

What is the tunica adventitia like in arterioles?

A

Very little

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23
Q

What layer composes a capillary?

A

Only the tunica intima with no internal elastic lamina.

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24
Q

What cell composes a capillary?

A

One layer of endothelial cells.

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25
Q

Where are pericytes found?

A

Located on the outside of capillaries and venules.

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26
Q

Name the three types of capillaries.

A

Continuous
Fenestrated (2 types)
Non-continuous/sinusoidal

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27
Q

Describe the structure of fenestrated capillaries (2), fluid movement within, and where in the eye its found.

A
  • Thin walls
  • Fenestrations covered by a complete basal lamina
  • Large fluid movement
  • Found in the choroid and ciliary body
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28
Q

Describe the structure of continuous capillaries (2), how molecular movement within occurs, and where in the eye its found.

A
  • Continuous with no holes, and a complete basal lamina
  • Endothelial cells have tight junctions
  • Big molecules - active transport
  • Small molecules - diffusion
  • Found in the retina and iris
29
Q

Describe the structure of dis-continuous capillaries (2) and where in the eye its found.

A
  • Large and tortuous
  • Fenestrated with incomplete basal lamina covering holes
  • Not found in the eye
30
Q

True or false

Veins outnumber arteries

A

True

31
Q

Which vessel holds the most blood, and how much?

A

Veins, holding 70%

32
Q

Are vein walls thick or thin?

A

Thin

33
Q

Are the layers within a vein wall distinct?

A

No, theyre indistinct

34
Q

What is the diameter range of venules?

A

0.02 - 0.2mm

35
Q

What are the walls of venules similar to?

A

Capillaries

36
Q

What happens to pericytes on venules as diamter increases?

A

They are replaced by smooth muscle.

37
Q

What diameter do medium veins have?

A

<1cm

38
Q

Which kind of vein is responsible for draining most of the body.

A

Meedium veins

39
Q

Describe the tunica intima of medium veins.

A

Has endothelial cells, may not have an elastic lamina

40
Q

Describe the tunica media of medium veins.

A

Smooth muscle in loosely organised collagen and fibroblasts

41
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia of medium veins.

A

Thickest part of the wall, composed of collagen, elastic fibres, and a few smooth muscle cells

42
Q

Name 6 large veins.

A 
Vena caeva
Pulmonary
Portal
Renal
Jugular
Iliac
43
Q

Describe the tunica intima, media, and adventitia of medium veins.

A

Tunica intima and media are the same as medium veins.

Tunica adventitia is very wide and has longitudinal smooth muscles.

44
Q

What is the vasa vasorum of large veins like?

A

Extensive

45
Q

What is the blood-olcuar barrier highly permeable to?

A

Lipid soluble molecules, including O2 and CO2

46
Q

What is the blood-olcuar barrier not permeable to?

A

Water and small water soluble molecules

47
Q

What keeps the cell barrier continuous?

A

Tight junctions

48
Q

Name 4 diseases that can compromise the blood-ocular barrier.

A

Diabetes
Arterial hypertension
Giant cell arteritis
Anterior uveitis

49
Q

Does the iris have an epithelium?

A

No

50
Q

Why does the iris have a blood-ocular barrier?

A

To prevent blood and aqueous humour from mixing. No leakage of HRP, good barrier to macromolecules.

51
Q

True or false

HRP doesnt leak into the ciliary stroma

A

False, it does

52
Q

What percentage concentration of protein is the ciliary stroma compared to plasma?

A

75%

53
Q

Does the ciliary stroma have a blood-ocular barrier?

A

No

54
Q

Are ciliary stroma vessels fenestrated?

A

Yes

55
Q

True or false

The ciliary epithelium is a blood-aqueous barrier.

A

True

56
Q

Name three kinds of uveal inflammation, and what umbrella condition they fall under.

A

Iritis
Cyclitis
Choroiditis
-Fall under uveitis

57
Q

What are three symptoms of uveitis?

A

Red eye
Pain
Photophobia

58
Q

What are three signs of uveitis in the anterior chamber?

A

Cells (inflammatory)
Flare (protein)
Iris vessel leakage

59
Q

What happens to IOP during uveitis, and explain why.

A

Lower IOP, due to reduced aqueous humour production in iritis.

60
Q

What happens to HRP during uveitis? Name 4 reasons why.

A

It leaks from the ciliary body.

  • Tight junctions are damaged
  • Separated vascular endothelial cells
  • Part of the inflammatory process
  • Allows white blood cells to enter to deal with injury/infection
61
Q

Name 4 consequences as a result of a loss of tight junctions.

A

Decreased aqueous humour production
Decreased aquaporin permeability
Decreased cell pH
Decreased IOP

62
Q

How is the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier tested clinically?

A

Fluorescein angiography (NaFl)

63
Q 
Give the clearance time for the following during fluorescein angiography:
Choroidal
Arterial
Arterial-venous
Venous
Late
A 
Choroidal - 10 secs
Arterial - 10-12 secs
Arterial-venous - 13-15 secs
Venous - 16-20 secs
Late - 30 secs
64
Q

Does HRP leak from choroidal vessels?

A

Yes

65
Q

Does HRP leak from retinal vessels?

A

No

66
Q

True or false

The choriocapillaris is fenestrated on both sides.

A

False, it is fenestrated only on the RPE side

67
Q

Name the two retinal blood supplies.

A

Inner retina

Choroid

68
Q

Name the blood retinal barrier at the inner retina.

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions in vasculature

69
Q

Name the blood retinal barrier at the outer retina.

A

Tight junctions between retinal pigment epithelial cells

OD1 - Integrated Ophthalmic Sciences & Preclinical Optometry (123 decks)

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