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Histology 2018 > Exam 1 Review (MC) > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review (MC) Flashcards

1
Q

The cleaving of non helical terminal ends of pro-collagen, converting it into tropocollagen occurs where?

A

Immediately after secretion

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2
Q

Name the molecular complex that primarily serves to prevent paracellular transport

A

Zonula occludens

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3
Q

The basal lamina is associated with which type of collagen?

A

type IV

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4
Q

Desmocollins and desmogleins belong to which group of CAMs?

A

Cadherins

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5
Q

What are catenins?

A

they serve as a major interface between cadherins that hold adjacent cells together and their actin cytoskeletons

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6
Q

What are molecular complexes that anchor cells together and reinforce the physical integrity of tissues and cells?

A

zonula adherens

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7
Q

What are connexons?

A

Components of a gap junction that consist of 6 Connexins that form a hollow, hexagonal structure

Facilitate movement of molecules (usually ions in order to allow cells to “communicate”)

Often arranged in “clustered patches”

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8
Q

explain the difference between hemidesmosomes and desmosomes

A

hemidesmosomes: link the basal domains of cells to the ECM via the intracellular tonofilaments
desmosomes: link basolateral domains of cells to ECM and other adjacent cells

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9
Q

Which family of CAM’s is associated with carbohydrate binding?

A

Selectins

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10
Q

What is another name for selectins? why?

A

lectins, bc they bind to carbohydrates

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11
Q

define extraversion

A

the movement of leukocytes from the blood to the tissues

selectins are involved in this

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12
Q

What best differentiates simple vs. compound glands?

A

ductal branching

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13
Q

Who recognized, without using a microscope, 21 kinds of “membranes” that could now be considered tissues?

A

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

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14
Q

What were some of Virchow’s major contributions to histology and pathology?

A

He coined the phrase “omnis cellulae e cellulae” which is alluded to in the cell theory

also used histology to help explain pathological processes

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15
Q

Who are the 2 people credited for discovering that all living things were made of cells?

A

Schwann and Schleiden

Schwann = zoologist
Schleiden = botanist
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16
Q

What type of epithelium is associated with the striated ducts of compound glands?

A

Cuboidal transitioning to columnar

17
Q

Describe the molecular structure of the cell membrane

A

diphospholipid bilayer with intermembranous proteins associated with it

18
Q

Aqueous materials can pass through the plasma membrane via ________

A

channels and transporters

19
Q

What stains are included in the most common staining technique for light microscopy?

A

H&E

Hematoxylin and Eosin

20
Q

Explain what the H&E stains stick to

A

Hematoxylin: stain nuclear material and some cytoplasmic components, such as RER, dark blue to light blue or purple

Eosin: is an acid dye, so it stains cytoplasmic components and much of the extracellular material a yellowish to pinkish color

21
Q

Hematoxylin is a basic dye (true or false)

A

False

it acts like a basic dye due to the mordant that is used to help it bind to tissues

22
Q

What are the 2 types of stains that depend on the Schiff reaction?

A

PAS and the Fuelgen reaction

23
Q

What does PAS stain?

A

glycogen/carbs

24
Q

What does Fuelgen stain?

A

nucleic acids/DNA

25
Q

What is a schiff reaction?

A

it depends on the formation of aldehyde groups following exposure to HCl or periodic acid.

26
Q

What is a metachromatic stain? give examples of different metachromatic stains

A

a stain whose color changes after it has reacted with something in the specimen

ex. toluene blue turning red after reacting with mast cells

27
Q

How can the resolution of a microscope be increased?

A

changing the wavelength of the light source (electrons instead of light does this)

increasing the refractive index of the medium you’re looking through (oil)

28
Q

What are the different granule contents that can be found in mast cells? what do they do?

A

Histamine: inflammatory response (packaged/stored by proteoglycans)

ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factor): attracts eosinophils and neutrophils

SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis): similar to histamine but has a more sustained effect

Heparin: poor anticoagulant that is thought to help clear plasma lipids

29
Q

what is a plasma cell? what is an easy way to identify them in in photomicrograph?

A

a cell that produces antibodies

look for the tell tale “clockface” distribution of heterochromatin that is spherical and typically offset.

30
Q

Define proteoglycan and it’s structure

A

they are the secreted products of resident cells ex. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, etc

structure: extracellular protein complexes of glycosaminoglycans

31
Q

what is a proteoglycan aggregate?

A

composed of GAGS attached to a core protein

the core protein is attached to a hyalurana molecule via linker proteins

32
Q

Why do collagen fibers have a 64 nm gap between one another?

A

in order to separate the head and the tail of adjacent tropocollagen molecules

33
Q

How is type 1 collagen synthesized? (6 steps)

A
  1. type 1 collagen is synthesized as a prepropeptide
  2. the pre-sequence is cleaved after it is translocated to the ER lumen of the fibroblast to create a procollagen
  3. procollagen is secreted into the extracellular matrix
  4. peptidases cleave the non-helical ends ,that prevent polymerization, to form tropocollagen
  5. tropocollagen monomers spontaneously assemble into collagen fibers
  6. collagen fibers 64 nm apart are deemed collagen
34
Q

How are elastic fibers synthesized?

A

elastin is synthesized as a prepropeptide that is secreted as a propeptide

extracellular enzymes, also secreted by the fibroblast, make the propeptide into tropoelastin

tropoelastin monomers are assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets with the aid of fibrillins

35
Q

What is the epithelial layer associated with interlobular ducts of compound glands?

A

pseudostratified columnar

36
Q

What is the epithelial layer associated with intercalated ducts of compound glands?

A

cuboidal transitioning to columnar

same epithelial type is associated with striated ducts of compound glands

37
Q

what is the equation used to calculate diopters?

A

1 meter / the focal length of the lens (in meters)

38
Q

Compare parenchyma vs stroma in compound glands

A

Parenchyma: high cellularity

Stroma: connective tissue

39
Q

Laminin has binding sites for what 4 molecules?

A

Type IV collagen

proteoglycan

integerin

nitogen

Histology 2018 (20 decks)

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