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Histology 2018 > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the core of the lip composed of? what covers it externally?

A

skeletal muscle (obicularis oris)

skin

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2
Q

describe the composition of the stratified squamous epithelium of the lip and what it lies on top of

A

An internal poorly keratinized, modified, stratified squamous epithelium lies on a lamina propria with high papillae

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3
Q

Where are the mixed mucous glands and the capillaries of the lip located?

A

the mixed mucous glands are within the lamina propria

Dermis has a rich plexus of capillaries which are prominent at the free margin of the lip

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4
Q

Describe the mucous membrane lining the oral cavity.

A

It consists of stratified squamous epithelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria

It lies on a vascular FECT layer

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5
Q

List the three structures derived from the epithelial bud.

A

Enamel organ

Dental papilla

Dental sac (follicle)

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6
Q

Discriminate between the dental papilla and the enamel organ with regard to their embryonic origin and their derivatives.

A

Dental papilla: condensation of mesenchyme that gives rise to dentin and pulp

Enamel organ: forms enamel which caps the dental papilla

(Both are embryonically derived from the epithelial bud)

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7
Q

What is the dental lamina?

A

It is the “internal limb” that is formed when the primordium forms into a bifid structure

(The external limb goes on to separate the lip from the rest of the oral cavity, however the dental lamina goes on to help the teeth form)

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8
Q

State the function of odontoblasts and how they carry out this function (include increment lines

A

Odontoblasts: form the dentin matrix throughout the life of the tooth and form a single layer of cells lining the pulp cavity

Tome’s dentinal fibers (odontoblastic processes) are cytoplasmic extensions of odondoblasts that lie through the predentin and dentinal layers to the dentin-enamel junction (occupy the denitinal tubules)

(Have increment lines (of ebner and Owen))

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9
Q

State the function of Ameloblasts and how they carry out this function (include Tome’s processes and increment lines)

A

Ameloblasts: form enamel (covers only the tooth crown) which is the hardest substance in the body

is 96% organic salts, 90% is Calcium phosphate in the form of apatite crystals and 4% organic matter and water

Enamel is laid down in prisms and each prism is formed by one ameloblast

Tomes’ processes are the secreting apical domains that lay down the rods/inner rods of enamel

Increment lines of retzius are periods of rhythmic growth

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10
Q

State the specific organic components that are unique to enamel and what happens to these substances

A

Specific organic components, rather than collagen, are unique to enamel and are removed after calcification:

amelogenins, and enamelins

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11
Q

State the function of Cementoblasts and how they carry out this function

A

Cementoblasts: deposit cementum on the dentin of the root from neck to apex

Cementum has coarse collagen fibers (Sharpey’s) in a bone-like calcified matrix

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12
Q

State the function of the peridontal memebrane the 2 diseases that are known to harm it.

A

Binds cementum to bony socket, allows limited movement, and absorbs pressures of mastication and prevents this pressure from damaging alveolar bone

Diabetes and Scurvy

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13
Q

The peridontal membrane is composed of __ formed from dental sac with , ____, ______, ______, collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerve fibers

A

CT

fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts

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14
Q

True or False: the Peridontal membrane is highly metabolically active tissue. explain

A

True

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15
Q

Describe the Shapey’s fibers of the peridontal membrane

A

It’s Sharpey’s fibers extend from cementum to alveolar wall

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16
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

A structure that separates the anterior 2/3rds of the upper oral portion of the tongue from the posterior portion of the tongue

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17
Q

(4 types of lingual papillae)

Describe the Filiform papillae

A

Filiform papillae: lack tastes buds and are evenly distributed over the entire oral upper portion

Most numerous of all papillae with a conical appearance

18
Q

(4 types of lingual papillae)

Describe the Fungiform papillae

A

Fungiform papillae: interspersed singly among the parallel rows of filiform papillae and are relatively few in number

Have a mushroom appearance and tastes buds are present only on the oral surface of the epithelium in contradistinction to the position of the taste buds on the circumvallate papillae (those are primarily on the lateral walls)

19
Q

(4 types of lingual papillae)

Describe the Foliate papillae

A

Foliate papillae: rudimentary in humans and the pharyngeal portion is free of papillae (it contains the lingual tonsils)

20
Q

(4 types of lingual papillae)

Describe the Circumvallate papillae

A

Circumvallate papillae: located along the sulcus terminalis as projections surrounded by a moat (circular furrow)

Taste buds present on the lateral walls

Ducts of von Ebner’s glands (serous) open into the moat

21
Q

State the 2 types of taste cells and where each of them are derived from (describe the “support cell”)

A

Sustentacular cells and Taste cells

both derived from a single stem cell

Sustentacular cells: spindle-shaped support cells and arrange like barrel-staves to surround the inner taste pore at the base

22
Q

Describe Taste cells in terms of it’s nucleus, the “outer taste pore”, apical structures, basal portion function, and their distribution in relation to sustentacular cells

A

Taste cells: each cell is long and slender with an elongated central nucleus and terminates as a short taste hair which projects into the external opening (outer taste pore)

Have apical microvilli with taste receptors

Basal part of cell releasees neurotransmitters

Taste cells are distributed between the supporting cells

23
Q

Put the following layers of the gut tube in order beginning with the innermost layer

Muscularis externa

mucosa

submucosa

outermost layer

A

Mucosa (composed of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae)

submucosa

muscularis externa (composed of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer)

outermost layer (composed of serosa and adventitia)

24
Q

What type of epithelium can be found in the mucosa?

A

stratified squamous transitioning to simple columnar

25
Q

What is the lamina propria portion of the mucosa layer of the gut tube composed of?

A

Lamina propria: loose areolar CT associated with epithelium

Contains various glands and GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

26
Q

describe the layers of the muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa of the gut tube

A

Muscularis mucosa: made up of one to three layers of smooth muscles

27
Q

Describe what comprises the submucosa. What important nervous system structure does this tissue contain? (be specific)

A

Submucosa: vascularized dense, irregular CT

Contains a nerve plexus (Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus))
Part of the “interic NS” which interacts with autonomic NS

28
Q

Where does the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) nerve plexus lie? what is it’s function?

A

between the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis mucosa

it functions to stimulate the muscle layers to control the lumen/muscle movement of the gut tube

29
Q

what specific muscular movements are the 2 layers of the muscularis mucosa responsible for? ( Circular layer of smooth muscle and the Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle)

A

Circular layer of smooth muscle: regulates the size of the lumen

Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle: regulate the rhythmic movement of the GI tract

30
Q

In terms of the outermost layer of the gut tube, compare the composition of its 2 layers (Serosa and Adventitia)

(be sure to include any peritoneums these may form/cover)

A

Serosa: dense irregular CT that forms a mesoendothelial lining and a layer of submesothelial CT
Forms visceral peritoneum and covers the retroperitoneal portions of the digestive system

Adventitia: Dense irregular CT with adipose tissue that covers the retroperitoneal portions of the digestive system

31
Q

Describe the location of the innervations of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems as they pertain to the gut tube.

A

Sympathetic: postganglionic fibers pass through the gut wall to glands and smooth muscle

Parasympathetic: Preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in ganglia within the gut wall itself (also includes Meissner’s plexus and Auerbach’s plexus)

32
Q

compare the functions of Meissner’s plexus and Auerbach’s plexus when they are stimulated

A

Meissner’s plexus: regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption

Auerbach’s plexus: coordinates muscular activity of the gut wall

33
Q

State the 3 types of lymphoid tissue that are found in the lamina propria of GALT. Indicate which is the first line of defense in GALT and where it is found.

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria includes lymphocytes, macrophages, and IgA-secreting plasma cells

IgA is the first line of defense and is found coating the luminal surfaces of the mucosal epithelium

34
Q

What is the function of the M cells and Antigen-stimulated B cells found in the lymph follicles that lie in the lamina propria? (include what type of cell M cells are)

A

M Cells: are specialized squamous epithelial cells in the gut lumen that serve to transport food antigens to the lymph follicles

Antigen-stimulated B cells in the follicle secrete IgA

35
Q

What cellular structure forms the tonsils of the oropharynx and where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Aggregated lymphoid follicles form the tonsils of the oropharynx (Waldeyer’s ring)

Peyer’s patches in the submucosa of the ileum

36
Q

In the esophagus, describe the tissue type and structural specializations of the Mucosa and the Muscularis externa

A

Mucosa: stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
Mucous glands are found in the lamina propria and submucosa

Muscularis externa: undergoes transition from skeletal muscle in the upper 3rd to a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle in the middle 3rd, to smooth muscle only in the lower 3rd

37
Q

state and describe (including the tissue type) a common site of cancer development in the esophagus

A

The transition zone between the esophageal and stomach epithelium is a transition from the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus to the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach (common site for cancer to develop)

38
Q

State the type of glands and describe those glands of the 4 regions of the stomach (cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus)

A

Cardiac: contains mostly mucous glands which are simple tubular and coiled at the lower end

Fundus: composed of gastric glands (mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells)
Long tubular glands extending down to the muscularis mucosae

Body: contains gastric glands (mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells)

Pylorus: contains mucous glands and hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells

39
Q

Give another name and state the function of Chief and Parietal cells. what type of glands are these?

A

Chief cells (zymogenic cells): secrete pepsinogen

Parietal cells (oxyntic cells): manufacture HCl and secrete intrinsic factor

(Both are gastric glands)

40
Q

What types of glands is this describing?

Simple branched tubular glands with a narrow isthmus opens into the bottom of a gastric pit and the fundus (base) of the gland extends into the lamina propria

Mucous neck cells secrete soluble mucous

A

gastric glands

41
Q

What cell fits the following description?

Tubulovesicle pools are present and part of the exocytosis-endocytosis functions of the parietal cell

A

Parietal Cells

42
Q

What cell fits the following description?

Produce peptide hormones and serotonin

A

Chief Cells

Histology 2018 (20 decks)

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