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Histology 2018 > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “double-layered, cup-shaped dilation of the nephron”? state the layers it includes

A

bowman’s capsule

has a visceral (inner) and parietal (outer) layer

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2
Q

State the 2 structures that make up a single renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and a glomerulus

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3
Q

Describe the vascularization of a renal corpuscle (begin with interlobar arteries and end with renal vein

A

interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arteries –> afferent arterioles –> glomeruli –> efferent arterioles –> vasa recta/peritubular capillaries –>

(Veins begin) interlobular veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal vein

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4
Q

State the 3 step process of urine formation

A

Filtration occurring in the renal corpuscle

Reabsorption occurring in the renal tubule

Secretion occurring in the renal tubule

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5
Q

in order to form the mesangium, what are mesangial cells found in?

A

a mesangial matrix

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6
Q

Compare extraglomerular and intraglomerular mesangium

A

Intraglomerular mesangial cells are located between nearby capillaries in the glomerulus and cover endothelium not covered by podocytes

Extraglomerular mesangial cells are located between the afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole and are associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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7
Q

Compare the contractile and phagocytic functions of the mesangium

A

Contractile: utlize cytoskeletal contractile proteins to modify blood flow through glomerular capillaries

Phagocytic: take up worn out glomerular basal lamina for recycling and also phagocytose immunoglobulins trapped in the basal lamina

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8
Q

In terms of the mesangium, list what it synthesizes, what it secretes, and what hormone it responds to

A

Synthesizes matrix and collagen

Secrete prostaglandins and endothelins

Respond to angiotensin II

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9
Q

State the 3 components of the juxatglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Juxtaglomerular cells

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10
Q

Describe the function of the macula densa. include what it is formed by and where it can be found.

A

Macula densa: responds to changes in sodium and chloride concentration in the urine or hypotensin and is involved in the regulation of fluid-electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation

Signals renin release from juxtaglomerular cells

Formed by elongated, densely packed cells in the wall of the convoluted tubule (the polarity of these cells is reversed)

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11
Q

Describe the function of juxtaglomerular cells. include what these cells are innervated by

A

Juxtaglomerular cells: modified smooth muscle cells associated with the macula densa and afferent arteriole

secrete renin into the bloodstream when stimulated by the macula densa

Innervated by the sympathetic nerve endings which increase renin release upon stimulation

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12
Q

List, in order, the components of the renal tubule. (5 of them)

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending limb of Henle (with thick and thin portions)

Loop of Henle

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle (with thick and thin portions)

Distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

State the 3 layers that form the renal filtration barrier

A

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries

Fused basal laminae of endothelial cells and podocytes

Filtration barrier

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14
Q

Describe the “filtration barrier” portion of the renal filtration barrier (3 main portions)

A

Fenestrated endothelium of the capillaries

Basal lamina: contains type IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, heparin sulfate

Filtration slits created by adjacent pedicles of podocytes
(Covered by filtrations slit diaphragm)
(Pedicels are attached to the basal laminin via alphabeta integrins)

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15
Q

In terms of the proximal tubule, describe the type of tissue it is composed of, (the junctions and border of it) and describe the staining characteristics of it.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium made up of truncated pyramidal cells

Apical tight junctions and brush border

Large, pale-staining nuclei and Eosinphilic cytoplasm

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16
Q

Describe the basolateral region of cells of the proximal tubule and describe their organelle composition.

A

Basolateral infoldings and interdigitations

Basal striations with abundant mitochondria (to help conduct active transport across the basal membrane

17
Q

List the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule. (4 of them)

A

Reabsorbs most of the filtrate, including water

Removes essentially all glucose and AA’s from the filtrate

Reabsorbs most of the sodium and chloride ions

Characterized by a complex set of transporters, co-transporters, channels, and exchangers

18
Q

outline the path that fluid takes as it is being excreted, beginning in the glomerulus and ending in excretory passages.

A

Glomerulus

PCT

Loop of Henle

DCT

Collecting duct

19
Q

What is the major function of the loop of Henle? describe the permeability of it’s 2 “limbs”

A

Loop of Henle: major function is to establish the counter-current exchange system that creates the osmotic conditions necessary to pull water out of the distal tubule and collecting duct in the presence of ADH (vasopressin)

Descending thin limb is permeable to water, sodium, and chloride ions

Ascending thin limb is impermeable to water and actively pumps chloride ions out of the tubule, allowing sodium ions to flow

20
Q

Describe the permeability of the DCT, what type of tissue it is lined with, and it’s lumen in comparison to the PCT

A

Distal convoluted tubule: impermeable to water except in the presence of ADH

Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with smaller cells than those of the proximal convoluted tubule

The lumen is larger than that of the proximal tubule and there is NO brush border

21
Q

True or False: The DCT and PCT cytoplasm is of very similar compostion. explain

A

False

The cytoplasm of the DCT is less eosinophilic than that of the proximal convoluted tubule

22
Q

In terms of the Collecting duct, describe the tissue it is lined with, and the 2 cell types it features.

A

Collecting duct: its wall consists of simple cuboidal epithelium.

Principle cells: reabsrob sodium ions and water and secretes potassium via ATPase pump

Intercalated cells: secrete either hydrogen ion or bicarbonate ion

23
Q

True or False: the Collecting Duct has a different embryological origin than the nephron. explain

A

True

24
Q

List the layers of the excretory passages (includes the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder) in order, beginning in the lumen. (5 layers)

A

urothelium

Mucosa

Submucosa (not clearly demarcated)

Muscualris

Adventitia (FECT external to muscularis; serosa over superior surface of bladder basically allows the bladder to “slide” along other organs in the abdominal cavity)

25
Q

Describe the layers the mucosa layer of the excretory passages is composed of (3 layers)

A 
Mucosa: 
transitional epithelium (uroepithelium)

basement membrane

lamina propria of FECT

(some loose lymphoid tissue and a few smooth muscle cells)

26
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of a ureter (2 layers). include the unique characteristic of the lower 3rd of the ureter.

A

inner longitudinal layer

outer circular smooth muscle coat in ureter

Lower third of ureter has a third external longitudinal coat

27
Q

What forms the detrusor muscle and where does this occur?

A

Layers of smooth muscle in urinary bladder form detrusor muscle

28
Q

State and describe the 3 layers of the male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra: section of urethra passing through the prostate gland
Mucosa lined with transitional epithelium
Highly vascularized with veins with abundant elastic tissue

Membranous urethra: tall pseudostratified columnar cells but variable
Extends through the urogenital diaphragm and received striated muscle cells forming the external sphincter of the bladder

Cavernous urethra: lined with pseudostratified epithelium with patches of stratified squamous epithelium

29
Q

State and describe the 2 types of glands found in the tissues of the male urethera

A

lacunae of morgagnis: invaginations of mucous membrane containing single or groups of intraepithelial mucous cells

Glands of littre: branched tubular glands opening into the lacunae of Morgagni

30
Q

State the type of tissue that lines the female urethra and what glands can be found in it.

A

Female urethra: mucosa is line primarily with stratified or pseudostatified columnar epithelium with intraepithelial nests of mucous glands

31
Q

State and describe the 3 layers that make up the female urethra

A

Submucosa and adventitia are nodiscernible

Lamina propria is highly vascularized with veins with an abundance of elastic tissue

Muscularis has an inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle cells that are not well defined

Histology 2018 (20 decks)

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