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psychology > Social Influences > Flashcards

Social Influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is conformity ?

A

A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure - David Myers

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity

A

Compliance
Internalisation
Identification

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3
Q

What is compliance ?

A

Publicly conforming to the behaviour or views of a group but privately maintaining one’s own views - as a result of NSI

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4
Q

What is Internalisation ?

A

A change of private views to match those of the group - as a result of ISI

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5
Q

What is Identification ?

A

Adopting the views or behaviour of a group privately and publicly because one values membership of that group

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6
Q

2 reasons why people conform

A

Normative social influence

Informational social influence

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7
Q

Normative social influence

A

The desire to be liked
- we think that others will approve and accept us, to gain social approval
It is an emotional process

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8
Q

What is informational social influence

A

The desire to be right
- looking to others who we believe to be correct
A cognitive process (how you think)

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9
Q

Why people don’t conform

A

Independence

Anti-conformity

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10
Q

What is independence?

A

Being unresponsive to the norms of the group

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11
Q

What is anti-conformity

A

Consistently oppose the norms of the group

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12
Q

What experiment did ash do

A

The line study - to see if people would conform to a majority when given an unambiguous situation

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13
Q

How many participants did he have and who were they ?

A

He had 123 male undergraduates

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14
Q

Who is a confederate ?

A

A fake student

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15
Q

What did Asch find ?

A

75% conformed at least once

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16
Q

2 strengths of Asch’s line study

A

He had good internal validity

It was replicable

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17
Q

Negative evaluation points on Asch’s study

A
  • Gender Bias ~ can’t be generalised
  • Historical task ~ outdated can’t be applied
  • artificial task ~ unrealistic
  • age specific ~ can’t be generalised
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18
Q

Variations on Asch’s experiment

A

Unanimity
Task difficulty
Size of majority

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19
Q

Unanimity

A

When you have someone else who also doesn’t conform
Supports ISI - gives more confidence decreases conformity
Supports NSI - you would be likes by at least one person

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20
Q

Task difficulty

A

The more difficult or unclear the more conformity

Supports ISI - people will want to be right so they will go with what majority are going with if they are unsure

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21
Q

Size of majority

A

1 confederate = no conformity
2 confederates = 12.8% conformity
Supports NSI - more people the bigger the desire to be liked so increasing conformity

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22
Q

Zimbardo prison study

A

To see if dispositional or situational factors what affects conformity to social roles

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23
Q

Dispositional explanation of behaviour

A

Presumes people will act according to their individual personalities regardless of the situation

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24
Q

Situational explanation of behaviour

A

Presumes people will act in a way that they think is required by their social role - what is normal/expected
(They will conform to the role they have been assigned)

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25
Q

How many dropped out of the Stanford prison experiment

A

5 due to extreme depression

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26
Q

Evaluation points of Zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment (strengths)

A
  • It was realistic
    Set in a prison , they weren’t told what to do
  • they chose who they wanted to do the experiment
    Mentally and physically fit males
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27
Q

Evaluation points of Zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment ( weaknesses)

A
  • Experimental bias
  • guards allowed to do whatever
  • zimbardo broke ethical issues - ‘protection of participant’
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28
Q

Obedience is …

A

A direct order from an authoritative figure. This authoritative figure has the power to punish when individuals are not being obedient

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29
Q

Milgram’s obedience study

A

He had a student get electrocuted by a teacher everything theygot asked a question and got the answer wrong how ever they did not actually get electrocuted the responses were recorded
There were 40males age 20-50

30
Q

Evaluation of Milgrams obedience experiment (Strengths)

A

People were obedient to authority. It was realistic in The sense that people listen to authority even though they believe it is morally wrong. It can explain real life atrocities eg the Nazi’s were obedient to Hitler

There is supportive evidence that supports Milgram. It was conducted by Miranda. They replicated Milgrams study in Spain and found the similar findings for obedience, it was 90%.

31
Q

Evaluation of Milgrams obedience experiment (weaknesses)

A

It can’t be generalised as it was done on only males
Milgram broke all 5 ethical issues - protection of participant, informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, confidentiality

32
Q

3 variations of Milgrams obedience study

A

Location
Proximity
Uniform

33
Q

Location

A

Less obedience when the venue is not as prestigious

34
Q

Proximity

A

Proximity to the leaner and the experimenter - the closer to the leaner and further away from the experiment the less obedience

35
Q

Uniform

A

Less obedience when the experimenter doesn’t have an official uniform

36
Q

What is agentic state

A

When we blame the person giving the order for any negative consequences of our actions
Becoming an ‘agent’ of theirs

37
Q

Autonomous state

A

We feel a sense of responsibility for own actions

38
Q

What is the shift from autonomy to agency known as

A

The agentic shift

39
Q

Legitimacy of authority

A

We are more likely to obey people whom we see to have accepted power over us

40
Q

Strengths of the legitimacy of authority

A

Research support - reliability, internal validity

Cross cultural research - increases external validity

Can explain real life war crimes

41
Q

Weaknesses of legitimacy of authority

A

Doesn’t show how we

42
Q

Strength of the agentic state

A

Supporting evidence -

Helps explain real life situations

43
Q

Weakness of the agentic state

A

Ethical issues - deception - as it can offer an excuse
Doesn’t not support or explain why people disobeyed
Anti-social implications as it could be negatively used resulting in manipulation

44
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience

A

Authoritarian personality

45
Q

What are key characteristics of the authoritarian personality

A 
Respect 
Inflexible 
Contempt 
Conventional attitudes 
Superstition 
Submissiveness
46
Q

What are 2 reasons people resist social influence

A

Locus of control

Social support

47
Q

Who proposed locus of control

A

Rotter

48
Q

What is internal locus of control

A

A person who believes that the behaviour is caused primarily by their own personal decisions and efforts

49
Q

What is external locus of control

A

A person who believes their behaviour is caused primarily by fate, luck or by other external circumstances

50
Q

Holland (1967) study - support of locus of control

A

Repeated milgrams baseline study and measured whether participants were internals or externals

51
Q

What did Holland find in his study

A

37% were internals and did not continue to the highest shock level whereas only 25% of externals did not continue
Increasing validity

52
Q

Twenge et al (2004) study - challenging locus of control

A

Analysed data from American locus of control studies over a 40 yr period

53
Q

What did Twenge et al find

A

He found that people have become more resistant to obedience but also more external

We would expect people the become more internal -> could be a cause of a change in society where many things are out of personal control

54
Q

Strengths of locus of control

A

Reliability - it was studied for over 40 yrs and found people became more resistant

Validity - supportive research internals showed greater resistance 37%

55
Q

Weaknesses of locus of control

A

Contradictory research - found people became more external

Exaggeration due to demand characteristics as it has little influence when in a familiar situation

56
Q

How does social support help to resist conformity

A

The pressure to conform can be reduced if there are other people present who are not conforming

57
Q

How can social support help to resist obedience

A

The pressure to obey can be reduced if there is another person who is seen to disobey

58
Q

Allen and Levine (1971)

A

When there is a dissenter in the room conformity levels drop

Shows people are free from group pressure

59
Q

Gamson et al (1982)

A

There is research evidence that supports the role of dissenting peers in resisting obedience
In his study 88% Rebelled

60
Q

Consistency

A

Sticking to an argument

2 types - synchronic and diachronic

61
Q

Synchronic consistency

A

Agreement between the people in the minority group

62
Q

Diachronic consistency

A

Agreement overtime

63
Q

Commitment

A

Members in the minority group take risked by engaging in extreme activities to gain the attention of the majority group

64
Q

Augmentation principle

A

Members in the majority group pay attention to those in the minority group due to the extreme activities

65
Q

Flexibility

A

Adapting your point of view and accepting counter arguments (compromising)

66
Q

Snowball effect

A

Gradual conversion to the minority view

67
Q

Strengths of minority influence

A

Research support - consistency

Research support - internalisation

68
Q

Weakness of minority influence

A

Artificial task - lowers external validity

Unrealistic - not applicable

69
Q

What is the process of social change

A 
Drawing attention 
Consistency 
Deeper processing 
Augmentation principle 
Snow ball effect 
Social cryptomnesia
70
Q

Social Cryptomnesia

A

People having memory of a change that occurred but don’t remember how it happened

71
Q

Moscovici study of minority influence - shows consistency

A

125 participants split into 4 per group
On colour perception
He found that when consistent 32% agreed with minority but when less consistent agreement with the minority dropped

72
Q

What aspects of parenting does Adorno believe will cause authoritarian personality

A

Conditional love
Severe criticisms of perceived failures
Expectation of absolute loyalty
Impossibly high standards

psychology (11 decks)

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