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psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Wundt

A

Wundt is the first psychologist to open a lab

He developed introspection

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2
Q

What is introspection

A

It is a controlled method of collecting thoughts and feelings it involves breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts images and sensations
A basic examination of our own thought processes

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3
Q

What did hunter find in his study

A

He found that teenagers were generally unhappy and were more happy and upbeat when focused on a task

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4
Q

What did both Watson and skinner believe about introspection

A

They thought it wasn’t scientific enough

The brought experimental methods into psychology

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5
Q

What do behaviourists believe

A

That behaviour is learnt they believe behaviounsshoild be visible, objective and measurable

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6
Q

What two types of conditioning do behaviourist believe in

A

Classical and operant

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

It is behaviour that is learnt through associations

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Behaviour that is learnt through reinforcement

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9
Q

Behaviours believe in that we are born with behaviour therefore…

A

It is innate

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10
Q

Social learning theory is a branch off behaviourists they believe that

A

All behaviour is learnt

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11
Q

They believe that we learn behaviour through the…

A

Social process

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12
Q

What is the meaning of social process

A

Menacing we learn behaviour from other people

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13
Q

The social learning theory believe that we Ellen through

A

Observations and imitation of other people called role models

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14
Q

Bandura suggested that there are 4 meditational processes

The first 2 are learning processes the last 2 are processes to produce the behaviour

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

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15
Q

What is attention

A

The extent To which we noticed certain behaviours

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16
Q

What is retention

A

How well behaviour is remembered

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17
Q

What is the motor reduction

A

The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

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18
Q

What is motivation

A

The will to perform the behaviour which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished

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19
Q

What did bandura find in his study

A

Children who watched the aggressive behaviour imitated this

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20
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Indirect reinforcement through observing someone else receive reinforcement

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21
Q

What is modelling

A

Imitating the behaviour of a role model and the process of demonstrating a behaviour

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22
Q

Why is the cognitive approach different to learning theories

A

Because they believe that we need to study internal mental process in order to understand behaviour

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23
Q

What is the internal mental process

A

They are private processes of the mind such as perception attention and memory

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24
Q

What is a schema

A

A cognitive framework that helps us to organise and interpret information in the brain

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25
Q

Why are schemas useful

A
  • short cuts

- fill in gaps

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26
Q

There are 2 models in the cognitive approach

A

Theoretical and computer models

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27
Q

Theoretical models

A

Simplified pictorial representations of mental processes based on current evidence then to make diagrams which are then adapted for new research

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28
Q

Computer models

A

Use Computer analogies to explain human process

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29
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

A study of the brain and how cognitive processes effect the brain high allows us to scientifically and more accusatory observe internal mental processes
Scanning can help map the brain

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30
Q

What are the different scanning methods

A

fMRI
EEG
PET

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31
Q

What did Bruner et al do

A

They used fMRI scans to try and map areas of the brain involved in processing emotions

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32
Q

What did Bruner et al find

A

Found when people feel guilty several brain regions activate including the medial pre-frontal cortex which is associated with emotions

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33
Q

What is fMRI

Functioning magnetic resonance imaging

A

Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow it looks at the level of oxygen in the blood inside the brain

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34
Q

EEG

Electroence phalogram

A

Used to find problems related to electronic activity of the brain it tracks and records brain wave patterns
Metal discs with electrodes are placed on the scalp and sends signals to a computer record results

35
Q

PET

positron emission tomography

A

Shows how well certain parts of the brain are working
Helps to diagnose conditions that affect the hormonal workings of the brain eg dementia
3D imaging

36
Q

What belief do biological psychologists hold about behaviour

A

That behaviour is innate

37
Q

What does innate mean

A

That we are born with our behaviour and it varies due to variations in genetics

38
Q

Biological psychologists believe that what explains behaviour best

A

Evolution genetics neural and hormonal mechanisms

39
Q

What is a concordance rate

A

Measures how often two individuals who are closely related have the same disorder

40
Q

What is genotype

A

Is the characteristics of your genes

41
Q

What is your phenotype

A

The displayed characteristics of combined influence of genes and the environment

42
Q

What is biochemistry

A

Is concerned with how chemicals in our body work this include chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones

43
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

They relay messages between cells

Neurotransmitters cross synapses to pass on information

44
Q

What 2 types of neurotransmitters do they look at in psychology

A

Dopamine

Serotonin

45
Q

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution he called mechanisms behind biological evolution….

A

Natural selection

46
Q

What is biological structure

A

The arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ system or living thing

47
Q

What are the 3 main biological structures

A

Brain structure
Nervous system
Endocrine system

48
Q

What is the brain structure

A

Certain brain regions have been involved in many psychological disorders eg schizophrenia

49
Q

Nervous system

A

Primary internal communication stystem, it collects processes and responds to the environment

50
Q

What is the endocrine sytem

A

A network of gland which work together to regulate the bodies functions

51
Q

What is the assumption of the psychodynamic approach

A

That it focuses on dynamics of human behaviour whereby most of them are unconcious and direct and guide our behaviour

52
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach put emphasis on

A

On the different states of mind both conscious and unconscious as well as the structures of personality

53
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach suggest about childhood experiences

A

That they can play and important role in behaviour particularly abnormal behaviour

54
Q

What does Freud believe about our mind

A

That some of it is inaccessible this is the unconscious mind
Conscious thought is thinks we are completely aware of
Preconscious is thoughts which sit below the surface and come out through slips of the tongue

55
Q

What 3 structures of personality are there

A

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

56
Q

What is ID

A

Pleasure principle the desire to have everything without little regard for anyone

57
Q

What is EGO

A

Reality principle - the idea that we make judgments in a situation based on right and wrong

58
Q

What is SUPEREGO

A

Morality principle - strong moral judgment to do the right thing all the time

59
Q

What is a defence mechanism

A

They distort reality so that the individuals anxiety is reduced

60
Q

What is Repression

A

The unconscious blocking of negative / unacceptable thoughts

61
Q

What is denial

A

Refusal to accept reality in order to avoid dealing with difficulty feelings associated with the situation

62
Q

What is displacement

A

Redirection of thoughts and feelings onto something else

63
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

64
Q

What are psychosexual stages used to explain

A

How early childhood experiences can influence the later behaviour of people

65
Q

What is the oral stage

A

Focus of pleasure is around the mouth, mothers breast is the object of desire

66
Q

What is the unresolved conflict of of the oral stage

A

Oral fixation - smoking, nail biting, sarcastic and critical

67
Q

What is the anal stage

A

Focus of pleasure is the anus, learning to control bowel movements pleasure comes from holding and expelling faeces

68
Q

What is the unresolved conflicts of the anal stage

A

Anal retentive - perfectionist, obsessive

Anal expulsion - messy , thoughtless

69
Q

What is the phallic stage

A

Focus of pleasure is in the genital area
Development of the Oedipus and Electra complex - learning boys and girls have different genital
Penis envy and castrations anxiety

70
Q

What is the unresolved conflicts of the phallic stage

A

Phallic personality narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual

71
Q

What is the latency stage

A

A period of calm at this stage earlier conflicts from previous stages are repressed and pushed into the unconscious

72
Q

What is the genital stage

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty onset

Sexual desires are formed with people outside of the family

73
Q

What is the unresolved conflicts of the genital stage

A

Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

74
Q

What role does the humanistic approach fully emphasise

A

The role of being fully consciously in control of your own desires

75
Q

What do humanists believe

A

That free will is a key feature of behaviour and we can consciously choose how we wish to act
We have personal choice in how we behave

76
Q

What do humanists rejects

A

Scientific study because they suggests that the studies should be subjective because all people are unique

77
Q

What did Maslow create and what does it show

A

The hierarchy of needs

The most basic psychological needs at the bottom and more complex needs at the top

78
Q

What did carl Rogers suggest about the importance of self concept in psychological health

A

It needs to be realistic and aligned with our ideal self

79
Q

What is our ideal self

A

Who a person would like to be

80
Q

What is self concept

A

The way in which a person views themselves

81
Q

What two important needs does Rogers suggest we have

A

Unconditional positive regard and self worth

82
Q

What is unconditional positive regard

A

Unconditional love

83
Q

Rogers created a client-centred therapy what does he suggest

A

That mental health problems are likely to be found routed in child hood where children receives a lack of unconditional positive regard

84
Q

What is congruence

A

Agreement - similarity between self concept and ideal self

psychology (11 decks)

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