Musculoskeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What is the axial component of the skeleton? What are the appendicular components?

Answer 1

The skull, spine and thorax. The upper and lower limbs.

Question 2

What is the fibrous tissue layer covering cartilage and bone of the cartilage? What is the function of this?

Answer 2

Perichondrium/ periosteum. Acts as an attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Question 3

Function of upper limbs? Functions of lower limbs?

Answer 3

Smaller contact points with fewer direct ligament attachments to facilitate mobility. Large contact points with strong ligament attachments to facilitate stability.

Question 4

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 4

Standing erect with feet flat on the floor under the hip joints. Straight back with head and eyes facing forward. Arms by the side with forearms and hands facing forwards. Eyes focused at infinity on the horizon.

Question 5

What are the sagittal planes? What are coronal planes? What are the axial planes?

Answer 5

Are vertical planes passing longitudinally through the body dividing into right and left parts. Pass through the body at right angles to the sagittal planes and divide the body into front and back parts. At right angles to the coronal and sagittal planes, dividing the body into top and bottom parts.

Question 6

What does lateral mean? Medial? Superficial? Opposite to this?

Answer 6

Further from the sagittal plane.
Closer to the sagittal plane.
Closer to the surface.
Deep

Question 7

What does anterior mean? Posterior? Proximal? Distal?

Answer 7

Closer to the front of the body.
Closer to the back of the body.
Closer to the starting point of.
Further from the starting point.

Question 8

What does ipsilateral mean? Contralateral? What does supine mean? What does prone mean?

Answer 8

The same side of the body.
The opposite side of the body.
Variation of the anatomical position where the person is lying flat on the back.
Lying face down.

Question 9

What is a joint?

Answer 9

A connection between two or more bones, irrespective of whether movement can occur.

Question 10

The bones in a synovial joint are united by what and enclosing what? What is the joint capsule composed of?
What can the joint cavity contain? What are the bones covered by?

Answer 10

A joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity. An outer fibrous layer and an inner serous synovial membrane.
Synovial fluid.
Articular cartilage.

Question 11

What are bones in a fibrous joint united by? What does the amount of movement depend on?

Answer 11

Fibrous tissue. There is no joint cavity. The length of the fibres.

Question 12

What are bones in primary cartilaginous joints united by? What about secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 12

By hyaline cartilage which provides some flexibility. e.g. ribs to the sternum.
Hyaline cartilage and then fibrocartilage which provides strength e.g. the joints between vertebral bodies.

Question 13

Types of joints? Plane joints?

Answer 13

Plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket and pivot.

Articular surfaces are flat, joint capsules are tight and sliding movements in planes of articular surfaces.

Question 14

Hinge joints? EG?

Answer 14

Permits flexion and extension only. e.g. elbow.

Question 15

Saddle joints?

Answer 15

Articular surfaces are convex and concave, two axes of movement and permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.

Question 16

Condyloid joints?

Answer 16

Movement in two axes but movement is restricted. Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.

Question 17

Ball and socket joints?

Answer 17

Spherical and concave articular surfaces. Multiple axes of movement. Permits all movement. e.g. hip and shoulder.

Question 18

Pivot joints?

Answer 18

Rotation around a central axis. e.g. cervical spine.

Question 19

Three muscle types?

Answer 19

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

Question 20

Describe smooth muscle?

Answer 20

Involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and is concerned with digestion, blood pressure control, micturition, temperature control etc.

Question 21

Describe skeletal muscle? What is the attachment that moves the least?

Answer 21

Voluntary muscle used for locomotion. Has 2 or more attachments to the skeleton. Origin and other end= insertion.

Question 22

What is a motor unit?

Answer 22

A single nerve fibre within the nerve will innervate a number of muscle cells. In the eye, each nerve fibre only supplies one or two muscle fibres.

Question 23

What does synergistic mean?

Answer 23

Two muscles that work together to produce an action.

Question 24

What does antagonistic mean?

Answer 24

They work against flexors.

Question 25

What is flexion? What is extension?

Answer 25

If a joint becomes more bent. The opposite of flexion.

Question 26

What is rotation?

Answer 26

Where the angle between two bones does not change but the axis of one of the bones rotates relative to the other.

Question 27

What is abduction? What is adduction?

Answer 27

Movement away from the midline. Movement towards the midline.

Question 28

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 28

A movement of the trunk which takes place at the intervertebral discs- the upper body bends over to the side- it also occurs in the neck.

Question 29

What is pronation?

Answer 29

Rotation of the forearm bones so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly.

Question 30

What is supination?

Answer 30

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly.

Question 31

What is protraction?

Answer 31

To move forwards such as the jaw moving forwards at the temporomandibular joints or the scapula gliding anteriorly.

Question 32

What is retraction?

Answer 32

To move backwards such as the jaw moving backwards at the temporomandibular joints or the scapula gliding more posteriorly.

Question 33

What is opposition?

Answer 33

Special movement of the thumb where the thumb is rotated to allow the palm of the thumb to meet the palm of the little finger.

Question 34

What is inversion?

Answer 34

The sole of the foot faces inwards towards the other foot.

Question 35

What is eversion?

Answer 35

The movement of the foot where the sole of the foot is made to face outwards.

Question 36

How do the upper and lower limbs develop the same in what way? They both have what?

Answer 36

Embryologically. 1 large bone proximally, 2 parallel bones distally with a following trend of reduction in bone size as you go distally with an increase on bone number.

Question 37

How is the shoulder joint not so stable? What joint is more stable?

Answer 37

It has a shallow ball and socket joint to allow movement to a larger degree. The hip joint- reduction in circumduction and mobility.

Question 38

What is the shoulder joint surrounded by?

Answer 38

Groups of muscles that help stabilise the shoulder and the ligaments play a much smaller role than in the hip- the humeral head is prone to dislocation. The hip- joint is surrounded by a screw-like formation of ligaments that tighten to prevent excessive movements which increases stability.

Question 39

What is the spine made up of? What are the 5 sacral vertebrae fused together to form?

Answer 39

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebra.

The sacrum.

Question 40

Distal to the sacrum is what?

Answer 40

4 further vertebrae fused to form the coccyx.

Question 41

What does the first cervical vertebra/ atlas (C1) support?

Answer 41

The weight of the head- needs large articular surfaces.

Question 42

The atlas has no vertebral body but has fused with the axis below to form what?

Answer 42

The odontoid peg- held in place by the cruciate ligament.

Question 43

The vertebra in the thoracic spine have what? What vertebra are more massive with larger vertebral bodies?

Answer 43

Longer spinous processes and the transverse processes don’t have holes through them. Lumbar vertebra.

Question 44

The vertebrae articulate with each other through what 2 types of joint?

Answer 44

Synovial and secondary cartilaginous- latter responsible for slipped disc if displaced. Synovial joints are responsible for rheumatoid arthritis.