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Anesthesiology > Avian Anesthesia > Flashcards

Avian Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx of birds like?

A 
4 cartilages (procricoid, cricoid, 2 arytenoids)
No epiglottis or thyroid or vocal cords
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2
Q

What is the trachea of a bird like compared to mammals?

A

3x longer and 1.3x larger, so they have increased dead space and decreased resistance

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3
Q

What is the minute volume (Ve) of birds compared to mammals?

A

1.5 to 2 times greater

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4
Q

True or false: birds have complete tracheal rings

A

True

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5
Q

What makes sound in a bird?

A

Syrinx

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6
Q

What is unique about penguins?

A

There is a septum that starts at the division of main bronchi and extend rostrally and may appear to have a double trachea and need 2 ET tubes

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7
Q

Since birds don’t have a diaphragm, what is ventilation driven by?

A

Respiratory muscles both in inspiration and expiration

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8
Q

How many air sacs do birds have?

A

Up to 9 (2 cervical, 1 clavicular, 2 cranial thoracic, 2 caudal thoracic, 2 abdominal)

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9
Q

What are the air sacs covered in?

A

Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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10
Q

True or false: air sacs participate in gas exchange.

A

False, they are just a sort of air reservoir

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11
Q

Describe primary bronchus

A

1/lung
Left and right bifurcate at the syrinx
Continues into abdominal air sacs

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12
Q

Describe secondary bronchi

A

4 groups arise from primary bronchus that are interconnected (medioventral, mediodorsal, lateroventral, laterodorsal)
Muscular and elastic fibers
Opening into air sacs

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13
Q

Describe tertiary bronchi

A

Gas exchange component
Paleopulmonic (all birds, unidirectional)
Neoplumonic (bidirectional): penguins, poultry, singing birds

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14
Q

What is the atria like in birds?

A

Numerous pocket-like polygonal cavities
Open into the lumen of the parabronchi
Contain openings that lead to air capillaries

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15
Q

What does the small diameter of air capillaries result in?

A

Greater pressure gradient for oxygen diffusion

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16
Q

Why is gas exchange more efficient in birds?

A

It happens along the entire length of parabronchi giving an overall bigger surface exchange area
Thinner distance between parabrinchus and capillary
Longer blood supplies (retinacula)

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17
Q

How is ventilation controlled?

A

Both central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Intrapulmonary chemoreceptors –> CO2 sensitive –> vagal negative feedback (decreased CO2 stimulates receptros) –> inhibits respiration

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18
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of a bird?

A

4

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19
Q

Why do birds have a larger CO?

A

Larger SV and lower HR

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20
Q

Because birds have a higher SAP (105-220 mmHg), what can occur?

A

Aneurism and arterial rupture

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21
Q

What is the conduction of the heart of birds?

A

Type II hearts

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22
Q

What is the QRS like in birds?

A

Negative, no ST segment

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23
Q

What is the renal portal system?

A

Valve located at the junction between efferent renal vein and external iliac vein

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24
Q

What happens if the renal portal valve is open (epinephrine)?

A

Blood bypasses kidneys

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25
Q

What happens if the renal portal valve is closed (Ach)?

A

Blodd passes through the kidneys

26
Q

What happens during diving?

A

Reduction in O2 consumption

Reduction N2 absorption

27
Q

What happens with a reduction in O2 consumption during diving?

A

20% O2 from respiratory volume, 40% from Hb and 40% from muscles
Bradycardia and vasodilation
Shifting blood to brain, lungs, and heart

28
Q

What happens with a reduction in N2 absorption?

A

Reduction in respiratory volume
Bradycardia –> reduction in CO –> reduciton in N2 uptake
Tachycardia and vasodilation in emersion –> dissipation cumulated N2

29
Q

What should glucose be maintained at?

A

> 200 mg/dl

30
Q

How long should a bird be fasted?

A

2-4 hours

31
Q

What are the IM injection sites?

A

Pectoral or thigh muscles

32
Q

What are the IV injection sites?

A

Medial ulnar vein
Dorsal metatarsal vein
Jugular (R>L)

33
Q

What are the SQ injection sites?

A

Between wings, inguinal fold of skin

34
Q

What are the IO injection sites?

A

Proximal tibio-tarsus or distal ulnar

Avoid pneumatic bones

35
Q

How much crystalloid should be given?

A

4 times the loss –> interstitial space in birds is 4x the blood volume

36
Q

What is the dose of hypertonic saline?

A

4 ml/kg

37
Q

What is the dose of colloids?

A

Hetastarch 5-10 ml/kg or 20 ml/kg/die

38
Q

At what ratio to the loss should blood be give?

A

1:1

39
Q

What do antimuscarinics cause?

A

Increased thickness of respiratory secretion

40
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

Sedation, hypnosis, anxiolysis, anterograde amnesia, centrally mediated muscle relaxation and anti-convulsion

41
Q

What can benzos be reversed with?

A

Flumazenil

42
Q

What does xyalzine (alpha2-agonist) cause?

A

Profound sedation with bradyarrhythmias, arrhythmias, excitement, and seizures

43
Q

What is the 1st choice of opioids in chickens and psittacine?

A

Butorphanol

44
Q

What has been shown to work well in raptors?

A

Mu-agonists

45
Q

What is the problem with diclofenac and ketoprofen?

A

Causes ARF in brids

46
Q

At what dose does carprofen work in chicken?

A

High doses (30 mg/kg)

47
Q

What does carprofen cause in pigeons?

A

Acute liver and muscle necrosis

48
Q

What is the 1st choice of NSAIDs in birds?

A

Meloxicam

49
Q

What is the problem with local anesthetics?

A

Very sensitive to local anesthetics and can suddenly die if accidentally injected IV

50
Q

What is the problem with ketamine in snowy owls?

A

Can cause arrhythmias and violent recoveries

51
Q

What is ketamine usually associated with?

A

α2 or benzos

52
Q

What does propofol cause?

A

Apnea, hypoxia, and very unreliable anesthesia

53
Q

Why do you not use propofol in chickens and pigeons?

A

Toxic dose is close to induction dose

54
Q

What is the gold standard for anesthesia?

A

Inhalant anesthesia with mask induction or in an anesthetic chamber

55
Q

What is MAC in birds?

A

Minimal anesthetic concentration

56
Q

What is the apneic index in birds?

A

1.65%

57
Q

How do you know if a bird is unconscious?

A

Loss of rightening reflex

58
Q

How do you know if a bird is in the surgical plane of anesthesia?

A

Loss of muscle tone in wings and legs, toe pinch response

Corneal reflex, but not palpebral

59
Q

How can you measure doppler?

A

Superficial ulnar artery
Deep brachial artery
Dorsal tibial artery
Palatine artery

60
Q

What is a normal temp?

A

39-43C (102.2-109.4)

61
Q

Why do birds tend to lose more heat than bigger animals?

A

They have a higher surface-area-to-mass ratio

62
Q

Which is more common, respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest?

A

Respiratory

Anesthesiology (27 decks)

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