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Anesthesiology > Ventilation and Ventilators in Veterinary Anesthesia > Flashcards

Ventilation and Ventilators in Veterinary Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Movement of gas between the lungs and atmosphere

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2
Q

What is ventilation defined by?

A

PaCo2, not PaO2

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3
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Decreased PaCO2

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4
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Increased PaCO2

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5
Q

What is apnea?

A

Absence of ventilation

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6
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x RR

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7
Q

What is spontaneous ventilation?

A

Patient controls their own ventilation

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8
Q

True or False: Most anesthetic drugs will depress ventilation

A

True

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9
Q

If a patient is under anesthesia with 100% O2 but is only taking 2 breaths per minute, what will happen to PO2 and PCO2

A

PO2 could be normal, but it will not allow for normal minute volume and the PaCO2 will be up and the patient will be hypoventilating

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10
Q

What is the effect on the depth of inhalant anesthesia if a patient is hypoventilating?

A

Less inhalant is reaching the lungs and therefore the brain

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11
Q

What is assisted ventilation?

A

Periodic ventillatory support (assisted breaths at variable rate –> patient respiratory initiate efforts)

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12
Q

What is controlled ventilation?

A

Complete control of patient’s ventillation

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13
Q

How can you control ventilation?

A

Reservoir bag
Demand valve
Automatic ventilator

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14
Q

What is peak inspiratory pressure?

A

The peak pressure reached during the ventilatory cycle (20 cmH2O SA, 20-60 LA)

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15
Q

What is positive end-expiratory pressure?

A

Pressure in the system is always positive (never returns to zero –> ventilators with ascending bellow always have a PEEP of 2 cmH2O)

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16
Q

What is inspiratory:expiratory ratio?

A

The ratio of time: inspiratory and expiratory phases –> usually set to 1:2, as normal ventilation has an expiratory pause

17
Q

What are indications for controlled ventilation?

A 
Hypoventilation (PaCO2 >55 mmHg)
Intra-thoracic surgery
CNS disease
Large animal anesthesia
Patients who have received neuromuscular blocking agents
Control depth of inhalant anesthesia
18
Q

What are the components of an anesthesia ventilator?

A 
Power source
Major control variable
Drive mechanism
Cycling mechanism
Bellows configuration
19
Q

What is required to power the ventilator?

A

Electricity and/or compressed gas (usually both)

20
Q

What is the major control variable?

A

Determines the patient’s delivered tidal volume

21
Q

What is a volume-controlled ventilator?

A

Most anesthesia ventilators

Means that there is a set tidal volume and that is what is administered

22
Q

What is a pressure-controlled ventilator?

A

Means that you set a certain pressure and tidal volume is adjusted to reach this airway pressure

23
Q

What is the drive mechanism?

A

This is how a breath is delivered to the patient

24
Q

What is a pneumatically-driven bellow?

A

Dual-circuit ventilator

Means you have separate driving gas chamber and then the patient circuit

25
Q

What is an electronically-drive piston ventilator?

A

Single-circuit ventilator

Only one gas circuit, which is the patient circuit

26
Q

What is the cycling mechanism?

A

This is what determines how the ventilator cycles from inspiration to expiration and back again

27
Q

What is the cycling mechanism of most ventilators?

A

Time-cycled

28
Q

What are the options for bellows configurations?

A

Ascending

Descending

29
Q

How do you set up a ventilator?

A

Turn tidal volume all the way down (to ensure no surprise large breaths)
Connect hose to where reservoir bag attaches
Close APL valve (pop-off valve)
Attach scavenge to ventilator
Turn on ventilator, set respiratory rate, and slowly increase to the desired tidal volume and PIP

30
Q

What does capnography do?

A

Uses end-tidal CO2 to estimate PaCO2

31
Q

What is normal ETCO2?

A

35-45 mmHg

32
Q

What are the 2 main types of capnometers?

A

Mainstream

Sidestream

33
Q

What is a mainstream capnometer?

A

ETCO2 is analyzed at the site of the capnometer placement

34
Q

What is a sidestream capnometer?

A

A sample of the expired gas is diverted to a measuring site within the monitor

35
Q

What is the adjustment of the ventilator based on?

A

Patient’s ETCO2

36
Q

What patient factors must be considered when adjusting the ventilator?

A 
Type of procedure (open thorax or not)
Pulmonary disease
Pleural or pericardial disease
CNS disease
Compliance and PIP
37
Q

What are physiolocal effects of IPPV?

A

Possible volutrauma and/or barotrauma
Decreased compliance over time
Decreased venous return and therefore decreased BP

Anesthesiology (27 decks)

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