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Microbiology > Chapter 11- Prokaryotes (EXAM 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Prokaryotes (EXAM 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification in Carl Woese’s Three Domain System

A

Dr. King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain

Domain, Kingdom, Phylym, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

which of the three domains does not have kingdom?

A

bacteria and archae

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3
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

A

Since 2015 Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea
and Bacteria has been published and updated (4x/yr)
online. The past five years, over 100 genera and six
hundred new species have been added to the manual
each year.
The new edition replaces and expands upon the second
edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, a 5-volume set completed in 2012.

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4
Q

The (2nd) edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic

Bacteriology (2001-12) recognizes ____ phyla of Bacteria and ___ phyla of Archaea

A

24; 2

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5
Q

_____ are based on rRNA sequences. Considerable phenotypic diversity remains among the members of some _____.

A

phyla; phyla

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6
Q

Largest taxonomic group of bacteria containing
mostly chemoheterotrophic bacteria that are all
Gram-negative

A

Phylum Proteobacteria

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7
Q

Named after Proteus, a greek god of the sea, who
could assume many shapes (a great diversity of
forms is found in this phylum)

A

Phylum Proteobacteria

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8
Q

proteobacteria are said to have arisen from what common ancestor?

A

Proposed to have arisen from a common
photosynthetic ancestor, although few are now
photosynthetic.

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9
Q

what are the five classes of proteobacteria?

A

alpha, beta, gamma, delta, & epsilon proteobacteria

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10
Q

bacterium of the sea

A

pelagibacter (alphaproteobacteria)

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11
Q

A single marine species, ___________ ( derived from “ubiquitous”) has been isolated
One of most abundant microbes on Earth. Accounts for ___% of ocean bacteria and combined weight > all the fish.
One of the smallest (___ µm diameter), simplest (_______ genes) autonomously replicating cells
- shortest ________ spaces, no duplicate gene copies, viral genes, or junk DNA
Survives in a _____ nutrient environment (minimal genome and small size provide it a competitive advantage) gains energy by respiring _______ _______ or using a light driven proton pump. (don’t fix C- inorganic)

A

P. ubique; 25; 0.3; 1354; intergenic; low; organic carbon (Pelagibacter- alphaproteobacteria)

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12
Q

Why is a small cell size a competitive advantagous?

A

a higher surface area or volume allows the cell to move materials in and out more efficiently. A smaller cell has a higher surface are to volume ratio.

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13
Q

Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium are part of which phylum?

A

alphaproteobacteria

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14
Q

found in low-nutrient aquatic environments (i.e. lakes),
produce prominent prostheca (cytoplasmic extrusion bounded by the cell wall [i.e. hypha or stalk.]) and have a dimorphic cycle

A

Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium (alphaproteobacteria)

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15
Q

produce stalks for anchoring to surfaces and
increasing surface-to-volume ratios (both facilitate nutrient uptake. Stalk sizes increase when nutrient concentrations drop.

A

Caulobacter (alphaproteobacteria)

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16
Q

a type of alphaproteobacteria that replicates by binary fission

A

caulobacter (alphaproteobacteria)

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17
Q

a type of alphaproteobacteria that replicate by budding at

hyphal tips

A

Hyphomicrobium (alphaproteobacteria)

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18
Q

In the ______ life cycle, morphogenic events are an intrinsic part of the _________ cell cycle/

A

Caulobacter; Caulobacter

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19
Q

is motile for part of its life, then the flagella is lost,

and a stalk is formed

A

caulobacter

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20
Q

In Caulobacter, what happens after surface attachement?

A

Following surface attachment, reproduction can

occur, resulting in one stalked cell and one flagellated swarmer cell.

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21
Q

Describe the Caulobacter life cycle

A
  1. flagellated swarmer cell that can’t replicate
  2. the flagellum is lost
  3. stalk begins to form when the organism attached to a surface
  4. stalk elongates
  5. division begins, flagellul forms on new cell
  6. new cell with flagellum swims off as swarmer cell, and the stalked cell initiates a new round of replication
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22
Q

What does the life cycle of hyphomicrobium look like?

A
  1. the hypha starts forms
  2. new nucleoid moves into the hypha
  3. a young bud forms
  4. the bud develops
  5. swarmer cell with subpolar to lateral flagellum made (1-3)
  6. Now the hypha lengthens as low nutrient conditions increase and it produces another bud
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23
Q

A ___________ cell adheres to surfaces via a polar holdfast opposite the hypha

A

hyphomicrobium

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24
Q

forms hyphae-like, cytoplasm-filled prostheca with end bud

A

hyphomicrobium

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25
Q

Of the alphaproteobacteria, which are nitrogen-fixing?

A

Rhizobium
Azospirillum
agrobacterium
acetobacter and gluconobacter

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26
Q
  • enter the roots of leguminous plants (beans, peas, clover) and form nodules
    • Fix N2 in a symbiotic relationship with the plant
    • cannot independently fix nitrogen
A

Rhizobium (+ 4 other genera,
(i.e. Bradyrhizobium)
• commonly called rhizobia
(Alphaproteobacteria)

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27
Q
  • A free-living, plant root surface colonizing soil bacterium commonly found on tropical grasses and sugar cane
  • use nutrients excreted by plants and fixes nitrogen in return
A

Azospirillum (alphaproteobacteria)

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28
Q

prefix Azo, means ________ ______. Thus, nitrogen
became associated with term “Azo”, which is frequently
used in the names of nitrogen-fixing genera

A

without life

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29
Q

plant pathogens

invade plant cells but do not induce nodules or fix nitrogen

A

agrobacterium (alphaproteobacteria)

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30
Q

induces crown gall
disease in plants through the
insertion of the Ti plasmid into
the plants genome.

A

A. tumefaciens (Agrobacterium, alphaproteobacteria)

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31
Q

• called acetic acid bacteria
• Industrially important aerobic organisms that
oxidize ethanol to acetic acid (vinegar)
• Thus, found in environments where ethanol is
formed from the fermentation of sugars to ethanol

A

Acetobacter and Gluconobacter (alphaproteobacteria)

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32
Q

prefer ethanol as carbon

source, while Gluconobacter prefers sugar

A

acetobacter

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33
Q

Of the alphaproteobacteria, which are nitrifying bacteria?

A

Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas

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34
Q

Chemoautotrophic

A

oxidize nitrogen for energy and fix CO2

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35
Q

which bacteria: NH4+ —> NO2-

A

Nitrosomonas

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36
Q

which bacteria: NO2- ——> NO3-

A

Nitrobacter

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37
Q

What is nitrification?

A

the process in which bacteria in the soil use oxygen to change compounds of nitrogen in dead plant material into nitrates which plants can then absorb as food

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38
Q

Why is nitrate production important for the environment?

A

Nitrate production is critical for the environment and
agriculture because they are more easily absorbed from
the soil by plants than either nitrite or ammonium ions

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39
Q

a member of the Beta proteobacteria class

A

Nitrosomonas

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40
Q

Of the alphaproteobacteria’s, which is a facultative intracellular parasite?

A

Bartonella

Brucella

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41
Q 
bacillus that inhabits the interior of some cat red blood cells (cats are not sick)
primary mode of transmission
to humans is infected flea
feces by a cat scratch, bite
etc.: causes cat-scratch
disease/fever (more common
than lyme disease in the U.S.).
A

B. henselae

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42
Q

In Bartonella several members are _______ ________

A

human pathogens

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43
Q

What is a facultative intracellular parasite?

A

Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells.

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44
Q

What disease does Brucella cause?

A

causes Brucellosis

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45
Q

disease of ruminants that also affects humans

A

Brucellosis

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46
Q

how is brucellosis spread?

A

spreads to humans by ingestion of undercooked

meat or unpasteurized dairy products - species have different affinities for host mammals.

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47
Q

How is Brucella able to survive phagocytosis?

A

After phagocytosis by macrophages, able to
survive in phagosomes by blocking lysosomal
fusion.

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48
Q

What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

A

cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite’s reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources.

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49
Q

Of the alphaproteobacteria’s, which are obligate intracellular parasite?

A

Rickettsia, Ehrlichia

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50
Q

highly pleomorphic bacteria (rods or coccobacilli)
- preferentially infect endothelial cells lining
the small blood vessels by inducing phagocytosis. They escape the phagosome
and enter the cytosol where they replicate

A

Rickettsia

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51
Q

transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites

- cause a number of diseases known as the spotted fever group

A

Rickettsia

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52
Q

lice—> Epidemic typhus

A

R. prowazekii

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53
Q

rat fleas —> Endemic murine typhus

A

R. typhi

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54
Q

ticks —–> Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

R. rickettsii

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55
Q

rickettsia-like bacteria - transmitted by ticks to humans

A

Ehrlichia

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56
Q

Disease caused by Ehrlichia

A

ehrlichiosis

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57
Q

How is Ehrlichia able to survive in phagosomes after phagocytosis by macrophages?

A

After phagocytosis by macrophages, able to survive in

phagosomes by blocking lysosomal fusion.

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58
Q

Of the alphaproteobacteria’s which are endosymbionts?

A

Wolbachia

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59
Q 
Although not human
pathogens, they may be the
most common infectious
bacterial genus on earth
(infecting over a million species)
A

Wolbachia

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60
Q

Wolbachia lives as an endosymbiont in the cells of what?

A

insects and other invertebrates

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61
Q

What percentage of insects are infected with Wolbachia?

A

20-75%

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62
Q

How is Wolbachia’s relationship with its hosts complicated?

A

its interactions with its hosts

are often complex, and in some cases have evolved to symbiotic rather than parasitic

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63
Q

Why is Wolbachia interesting?

A

Much interest due to its ubiquitous distribution,
many different evolutionary interactions, and potential
for pest control

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64
Q

wolbachia is essential in which organism?

A

nematodes

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65
Q

pea aphids gain resistance to parasitic ________

- harmless to aphids but kill ______ larvae

A

wasps

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66
Q

some pathogenic “_________” Wolbachia strains cause host cells to lyse or “_____”, eventually kills insect

A

popcorn; pop

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67
Q

Since __________ are only transferred from mother to
offspring, some species alter host reproductive
capabilities in different ways to increase its own
transmission. What are the two mechanisms by which it accomplishes this?

A

Wolbachia;

1) males killed during larval development which increases the female to male ratio
2) infected males develop as females or infertile pseudo-females.

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68
Q

Where would Paelagibacter be placed in the alphaproteobacteria dichotomus key?

A

Echo slide 26

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69
Q

Chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs that often use nutrients that diffuse away from the anaerobic decomposition of organic material (hydrogen gas, ammonia, methane). All are
aerobic.

A

Betaproteobacteria

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70
Q

relatively large cell bodies that twist like a spiral

  • motile due to bipolar tufts of flagella
  • habitat is mainly fresh water
A

Genera Spirillum (Betaproteobacteria)

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71
Q

How long are spirillum?

A

60 microns

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72
Q

filamentous sheathed bacteria found in slow moving fresh water streams and sewage
- the tube-like sheath protects the cells from drying and aids in surface attachment
- Individual mature cells swarm out of the protective tube to
colonize new sites

A

Genera Sphaerotilus (Betaproteobacteria)

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73
Q

Obligate aerobe betaproteobacteria

A

thiobacilus

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74
Q

Oxidize reduced sulfur for energy and fix CO2. Convert hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or elemental sulfur into sulfates (SO4^2-). Important in the sulfur cycle

A

thiobacilus

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75
Q

Which of the betaproteobacteria genera include pathogenic species?

A

burkholderia (B. cepacia, and b. pseudomallei), Bordetella, Neisseria

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76
Q

reclassified from Pseudomonas

  • rod-shaped bacteria found in soil
  • single flagella or tuft of flagella
A

Burkholderia (Betaproteobacteria)

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77
Q

can degrade >100 different organic molecules
- problematic contaminant of hospital equipment and drugs
(can even grow in disinfectant solutions)
- opportunistic pathogen that infects the respiratory tract of
cystic fibrosis patients (metabolizes respiratory secretions)

A

B. cepacia: (“cepia” is latin for onion) (Burkholderia)- Betaproteobacteria

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78
Q

the cause of a severe disease (melioidosis) that is endemic in SE Asia and N. Australia.

A

B. pseudomallei (Burkholderia) (Betaproteobacteria)

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79
Q

nonmotile rods/coccobacilli
* adhere to cilia of bronchial epithelium
* causitive agent of pertussis
or whooping cough

A

• Bordetella:
- B. pertussis
Betaproteobacteria

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80
Q
  • diplococci
  • Use fimbriae to attach to the mucous
    membranes of urethra in mammals
A

Neisseria; Betaproteobacteria

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81
Q

meningococcal meningitis

A

*N. meningitidis (Neisseria- Betaproteobacteria)

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82
Q

gonorrhoeae

A

N. gonorrhoeae (Neisseria- Betaproteobacteria)

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83
Q

The largest subgroup of Proteobacteria. Encompass a wide variety physiological types that live in diverse environments: soil, water, mammalian hosts

A

gammaproteobacteria

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84
Q

Gammaproteobacteria orders

A
  • Pseudomonas
  • Legionellales
  • Vibrionales
  • Enterobacteriales
  • Pasteurellales
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85
Q

Genera in Order Pseudomonadales

A

Gammaproteobacteria:
Generas in Order Pseudomonadales-

  • Pseudomonas
  • Acinetobacter
  • Moraxella
  • Azotobacter and Azomonas
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86
Q

Genera in Order Legionellales

A

Gammaproteobacteria:
Generas in Order Legionellales- contains 2 aerobic families

  • Legionella
  • Coxiella
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87
Q

Genera in Order Vibrionales

A

Gammaproteobacteria:

Generas in Order Vibrio

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88
Q

Genera and Family in Order Enterobacteriales

A

Gammaproteobacteria:
Generas in Order Enterobacteriales-

  • Escherichia
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Klebsiella
  • Serratia
  • Proteus
  • Yersinia
  • Enterobacter

Family: Enterobacteriaceae

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89
Q

Genera in Order Pasteurellales

A

Gammaproteobacteria:
Generas in Order Pasteurellales-

  • Pasteurella
  • Haemophilus
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90
Q
  • Aerobic rods
  • Common in soil
  • Polar flagella (single or tufts)
  • Opportunistic pathogens
  • infect urinary tract, burns and wounds in a weakened host
  • Many can grow at refrigerator temperatures (food spoilage)
  • Have a large genetic capacity (≈yeast) for expression of a
    large amount of enzymes that catabolize a wide variety of substrates (beneficial for decomposing uncommon chemicals in the soil but problematic in hospitals)
  • generally antibiotic resistant: large genome codes for several efficient efflux pumps
  • many species excrete water soluble pigments
  • some species moved to Burkholderia based on rRNA studies
A

Pseudomonas

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91
Q

Name means “nonmotile rod”, but morphology
species can be pleomorphic (rods to cocci)
- aerobic and found naturally in soil and water

A

Acinetobacter

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92
Q
  • opportunistic pathogen found in hospital settings
  • primarily respiratory pathogen, but also infects skin, soft tissues and wounds
  • concerns:
  • rapidly becomes resistant to antibiotics such that some
    strains are resistant to most available antibiotics.
  • difficult to eliminate once established in a hospital
    because it survives on artificial surfaces and resists
    desiccation
A

A. baumanii
Acinetobacter
Pseudomondales
Gammaproteobacteria

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93
Q

aerobic coccobacilli of gammaproteobacteria

A

Moraxella

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94
Q

One of several bacteria that can cause conjunctivitis (pink eye): inflammation of the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids

A

M. lacunata
Moraxella
Pseudomondales
Gammaproteobacteria

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95
Q

large ovoid heavily capsulated bacteria

- free living soil bacteria that fix nitrogen (obtain energy from organic sources in the soil).

A

Azotobacter and Azomonas (monas= unicellular organism)
Pseudomondales
Gammaproteobacteria

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96
Q

Found in streams, warm-water pipes, HVAC cooling towers
- Facultative intracellular parasites found in the environment either free-living or within amoeba. Found in pulmonary macrophages in humans.

A

Legionella

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97
Q

The amobea shelter ___________, protecting them from chemical disinfectants, drying and heat
- Humans are accidental hosts by inhalation of water droplets

A

legionella

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98
Q

(first identified during

1976 outbreak) (29 of 182 died)

A

L. pneumophilia: Legionnaires Disease (pneumonia)
Legionella
Legionellales
Gammaproteobacteria

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99
Q

Originally grouped with rickettsia (obligate intracellular
parasites) but NOT transmitted among humans by insect or
tick bites
- Wild & domestic animals are reservoirs for the rod-shaped
organism. Transmitted to humans via inhalation of animalderived
dusts and aerosols (urine, feces etc.) or contaminated milk
- Causes flu-like pneumonia called Q fever (named Q for
query when causitive agent was
unknown)
- highly resistant to environmental
stresses such as heat and drying;
perhaps due to an endospore-like
body in the cell.

A

C. burnetti
Coxiella
Legionellales
Gammaproteobacteria

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100
Q

facultatively anaerobic curved rods that are mostly

found in aquatic environments

A

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Vibrionales
Vibrio

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101
Q
  • causes cholera, characterized by profuse,

watery diarrhea

A

vibrio cholerae
Gammaproteobacteria
Order Vibrionales
Vibrio

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102
Q
  • gastroenteritis from
    eating raw or
    undercooked shellfish
A

V. parahaemolyticus
Gammaproteobacteria
Order Vibrionales
Vibrio

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103
Q

inhabit intestinal tracts of

humans and mammals

A

enterics

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104
Q 
- enterics
– facultatively anaerobic rods
– Most ferment glucose and other sugars
– if motile, have peritrichous flagella
– Fimbriae to aid with adhesion
– Sex pili for exchange of genetic material—
frequently confer antibiotic resistance
A

Gammaproteobacteria
• Order Enterobacteriales
(only one family: Enterobacteriaceae)

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105
Q
  • common inhabitant of human intestinal tract
    but not most abundant (0.1% of gut flora)
  • a great deal is known about its biochemistry and
    genetics
  • not usually pathogenic but can cause urinary
    infections and certain strains produce
    enterotoxins that cause traveler’s diarrhea or
    foodborne disease
  • presence in food or water indicates fecal
    contamination
A

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
• Escherichia
- E. coli

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106
Q

all members are potentially pathogenic
- common inhabitants of many animals, especially
poultry and cattle
- can contaminate food under unsanitary conditions

A

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
• Salmonella

107
Q

What two species are recognized in the genus Salmonella?

A
  • Salmonella enterica

* Salmonella bongori (“cold blooded” animal resident)

108
Q
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Salmonella bongori (“cold blooded” animal resident)
    • These 2 strains are subclassified into ______ serovars
A

2400

109
Q

Most of these serovars (______) belong to
________ ______, and cause more than 99% of
the diseases in humans

A

1531; Salmonella enterica

110
Q

“Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimirium” is

generally written as what?

A

a species, S. typhimirium

111
Q

causes typhoid fever (Salmonellosis is a less

severe gastrointestinal disease caused by other Salmonella)

A

S. typhoid

112
Q

•Defined by the antigenic expression, O and H, that relate to variant
lipopolysaccharides and flagella, respectively

A

Kauffmann-White Salmonella Serovar Reporting Scheme

113
Q

________ formulas are used for unnamed Salmonella serotypes

A

antigenic

114
Q

Salmonella (_______); ________ (O antigen) : (____antigen) : (_____ antigen)

A

species; serotype

115
Q

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium = Salmonella enterica serotype _____________

A

1, 4, 5, 12 : i : 1, 2 (slide 46)

116
Q

What is the disease caused by Shigella, and how many species cause it?

A

all 4 species are responsible for shigellosis

117
Q

although ___________ causes deadly epidemics,
not prevalent in U.S
- only found in humans (No other natural reservoirs
have been proven)

A

S. dysenteria

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
• Shigella

118
Q

common in soil and water
- many isolates can fix nitrogen
- ___________ can cause a serious form of
pneumonia

A

K. pneumoniae

Klebsiella
Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales

119
Q

__________ is the primary pathogenic species
and is distinguished by production of a red pigment
* causes hospital many urinary and respiratory
infections. Likely because it is found in hospital
solutions in hospitals that
should be sterile (i.e. cathetors,
saline solutions)

A

S. marcescens

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
Serratia

120
Q

Genus can become pathogenic if it enters the urinary tract or a wound.
- Unique multicellular behavior: a ________ colony on agar exhibits a distinctive series of
concentric rings due to swarming growth.
1) On the edge of the colony, “swarmer” cells with many flagella move outward
2) they then revert to normal, less motile cells, with few flagella, “swimming” state
3) new generations of swarmer cells periodically develop, and the process is repeated

A

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
• Proteus

121
Q

What occurs to the cell to permit swarming?

A

20-40 fold increase in both cell length and flagella number

122
Q

________ causes plague (black death of medieval
Europe)
(In a 5 yr. span in 1300’s, 35% of Europe’s
population was killed)
* Urban rats in some parts of the world and
squirrels and prairie dogs in Southwest U.S.
carry the bacteria.
* fleas bites generally transmit bacteria from
animals to humans
- inhalation of respiratory droplets from infected
animals or people can also lead to infection

A

Y. pestis

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
• Yersinia

123
Q

What are the two known species of Enterobacter that cause disease?

A

Two species are known to cause disease, E. cloacae (klōā’kē)

and E. aerogenes (ā-rä’jen-ēz).

124
Q

Their presence in the intestinal tracts of animals results in
their wide distribution in soil, water, and sewage.
* both can both cause urinary and hospital acquired
infections

A

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
Enterobacter

E. cloacae
E. aerogenes

125
Q

pathogens of domestic animals
- Best know species is ___________, which can be
transmitted to humans via dog and cat bites. It presents as an
infection that complicates the animal bite or injury.
* an especially virulent strain
is present in Komodo dragon
saliva and is introduced into
its more mobile prey by a
bite (kills in several days)

A

P. multocida

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Pasteurellales
• Pasteurella

126
Q
  • pathogens that inhabit the mucus membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina and intestinal tract
  • named for their blood requirement in culture media
A

Haemophilus

Gammaproteobacteria
Order Pasteurellales

127
Q

hemo

A

blood

128
Q

philus

A

liking

129
Q

clinical labs use their requirements for ___ (heme from hemoglobin) and ___ (NAD+ or NADP+) factors to I.D

A

X; V

130
Q 
* mistakenly considered to be the
cause of influenza until 1933
* Causative agent of meningitis,
earaches, bronchitis, pneumonia
and septic arthritis
A

H. influenzae

Haemophilus
Gammaproteobacteria
Order Pasteurellales

131
Q

causes the sexually transmitted

disease chancroid

A

H. ducreyi

Haemophilus
Gammaproteobacteria
Order Pasteurellales

132
Q

When is there H. influenza growth on a culture media plate?

A

only around disc

impregnated with both X and V factors

133
Q

type of deltaproteobacteria that is anaerobic?

A

desulfovirbrio

134
Q

types of deltaproteobacteria that is aerobic?

A

predator and gliding

Predator: Bdellovibrio
Gliding: Mycococcus

135
Q

bdella

A

leech

136
Q 
attaches tightly to other
gram-negative bacteria,
penetrates the outer
layer and enters the
periplasm
- It breaks down the host
cell molecules, which it
uses to elongate and
form a filament.
- filament fragments into several
individual flagellated cells that are released by cell
lysis
A

Deltaproteobacteria

• Genus Bdellovibrio

137
Q

Would B. bacteriovirus attack S. aureus?

A

slide 57

138
Q

Sulfur reducing bacteria that play a key role in the sulfur cycle
• Use oxidized S (i.e. S0, SO4
2- ) instead of O2 as final electron
acceptor and produce reduced H2S

A

Deltaproteobacteria

Members of the order Desulfovibrionales

139
Q 
* obligate anaerobes found in sediments and intestinal tracts
of humans and animals
* use organic compounds
such as lactate, ethanol
or fatty acids as electron
donors
* black color of many
sediments/sludge is due
to H2S reacting
with iron to form insoluble
FeS
A

Desulfovibrio (best studied genus)

Deltaproteobacteria
Members of the order Desulfovibrionales

140
Q

Illustrate the most complex life cycle of bacteria (part predatory
upon other bacteria)

A

Deltaproteobacteria

Order Myxococcales

141
Q

myxo

A

nasal mucus

142
Q
  • vegetative cells move by gliding motility and leave a slime trail
  • obtain nutrition from bacteria they encounter and
    enzymatically lyse.
  • cooperative predation is
    accomplished by secretion of
    antibiotics and lytic compounds
    that immobilize and degrade
    prey organisms, thereby creating
    a public pool of nutrients
A

Myxococcus
Deltaproteobacteria
Order Myxococcales

143
Q

Describe the life cycle of Order Myxococcales

A
  1. Myxospores: Myxospores are resistant resting cells released from sporangioles upon favorable conditions
  2. Germination: myxospores germinate and form gram-negative vegetabtive cells, which divide to reproduce
  3. Vegetative growth cycle: vegetative myxobacteria are motile by gliding, forming visible slime trails
  4. Aggregation: under low nutrient conditions, the vegetative cells swarm to central locations by quorum sensisng, forming and aggregation
  5. Mounding: aggregations of cells heap up into a mound, an early fruiting body
  6. Mounds of myxobacteria differentiate into a mature fruting body, which produces myxospores packed within sporangioles
144
Q

How many cells are in a myxobacteria fruiting body?

A

About 100,000 cells

145
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are
formed within a cell,
whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
are formed when the
entire cell
differentiates into a
spore
A

endospores; myoxospores

146
Q

Slender rods that are helical or curved. Are microaerophilic and motile by means of flagella

A

Epsilonproteobacteria

147
Q

What are the two genera of Epsilonproteobacteria?

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

148
Q

_______________
– Single polar flagella
– ________ is a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis
– ________ causes spontaneous abortion in domestic
animals

A

Campylobacter
C. jejuni
C. fetus

149
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Multiple flagella 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common cause
of peptic ulcers (prior to 1982 not thought
to have a microbial cause) and also
a cause of Stomach cancer
A

Helicobacter;

H. pylori

150
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria (_________)

A

chlorophyll a

151
Q

– Named for characteristic blue-green pigmentation and also called
“blue-green algae”
– Are bacteria— NOT eukaryotic algae, although they resemble them, use
chlorophyll and share same ecological niches
– believed to have generated most of the Earths atmospheric O2 millions of
years ago (0.1%è10% when plants arrived)

A

Photosynthetic, Gram Negative Bacteria
• Phylum Cyanobacteria

Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria (chlorophyll a)

152
Q

What are the different types of morphology found in cyanobacteria?

A

Unicellular: divide by binary fission
• Colonial: multiple fission (parent divides multiple times by mitosis,
producing several nucleoids. Cytoplasm then separates creating
multiple daughter cells at once)
• Filamentous: fragmentation

153
Q

Many filamentous cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in specialized cells called
_________

A

heterocysts

154
Q

Unicellular nonfilamentous
Cyanobacterium (binary fission) held together by
__________________

A

mucopolysacchariades

155
Q

• Are generally anaerobic
• grow at great aquatic depths and use bacteriochlorophyll (utilizes a portion of the light spectrum not intercepted by organisms
at higher levels).
• morphologically diverse (spiral, rods, cocci and budding forms)

A

Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria

Nonproteobacteria, Gram Negative Bacteria

156
Q

green nonsulfur bacteria

A

Phylum Chloroflexi

157
Q

green sulfur bacteria

A

Phylum Chlorobi

158
Q

purple nonsulfur bacteria

A

Phylum Proteobacteria (gamma)

159
Q

purple sulfur bacteria

A

– Phylum Proteobacteria (alpha)

160
Q

purple bacteria have various
_________, which give them
colors ranging between purple,
red, brown, and orange

A

carotenoids

161
Q

most green sulfur bacteria are green

but some have a ______ tint.

A

brown

162
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Cyanobacteria:

2H2O + CO2
light———>(CH2O) + H2O + O2

163
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Purple/ Green Sulfur Bacteria:

2H2S + CO2
light———> (CH2O) + H2O + 2S0

164
Q

Photoautotrophs that use organic compounds (acids and carbohydrates)
for the photosynthetic reduction of CO2

A

Purple/Green NON-Sulfur Bacteria

165
Q

How are gram positive bacteria classified?

A

Their G/C content in their genetic material

166
Q

Which Phylum of gram positive bacteria has a low GC content?

A

Phylum Firmicutes

167
Q

Which Phylum of gram positive bacteria has a high GC content?

A

Phylum Actinobacteria

168
Q

Draw the dichotomous key for Firmicutes

A

slide 68

169
Q
  • common in soil
  • endospore forming
  • obligate anaerobes
  • rod shaped, often distended due to presence of endospores
A

Clostridium

Firmicutes
Order: Clostridiales

170
Q 
special resistant, dormant structure
formed within a cell that protects a
bacterium from adverse environmental
conditions. Capable of withstanding
extreme heat, lack of water, exposure to
toxic chemicals
A

endospore

171
Q

GI tract infections

A

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium
Firmicutes
Order: Clostridiales

172
Q

food poisoning

A

C. botulinum

Clostridium
Firmicutes
Order: Clostridiales

173
Q

tetanus

A

C. tetani

Clostridium
Firmicutes
Order: Clostridiales

174
Q

foodborne diarrhea

A

C. perfringens

Clostridium
Firmicutes
Order: Clostridiales

175
Q

lives symbiotically in the gut of a Red Sea surgeon fish (1985)
- Considered too large to be a bacterium (visible by naked eye),
it seems to break the known rules of size/diffusion limitation
* Its cell wall contains many folds that increase surface area
and the organism is literally bathed in undigested food
* Doesn’t rely on diffusion to distribute nutrients because it
synthesizes macromolecules where needed.

A

Epulopiscium

Firmicutes
Order: Clostridiales

176
Q

Why was Epulopiscium initially classified as a protozoan, and then reclassified as bacterial?

A 
* lack of membrane
enclosed nucleus
* structures resembling
protozoan cilia were
actually bacterial flagella
* analysis of rRNA
177
Q

How much larger in volume is Epulopiscium than E.coli?

A 
E. coli (1 µm x 2 µm)
Epulopiscium
(80µm x 600 µm)
1 million times larger
volume
178
Q

__________ daughter cells grow within the mother cell

until they fill the cell and burst the cell wall

A

Epulopiscium

179
Q

How many daughter cells are released from the mother cell in Epulopiscium?

A

1 to 7

180
Q

How much larger is the Epulopiscium genome than the human cell?

A

25X

181
Q

How many copies of its genome are found in Epulopiscium?

A

contains tens of thousands of copies of its genome

which may allow it to overcome diffusion constraints.

182
Q
  • Endospore–forming rods
  • obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes
  • Common in soil and often forms chains in culture
  • several species produce antibiotics
  • only a few pathogenic to humans
A

Bacillus

Firmicutes
Order: Bacillales

183
Q 
- disease of cattle, sheep and horses that can be transmitted
to humans (linked with bioterrorism)
A

Bacillus anthracis:

Bacillus
Firmicutes
Order: Bacillales

184
Q
  • agriculturally important insect pathogen used as a pesticide
A

Bacillus thuringiensis:

Bacillus
Firmicutes
Order: Bacillales

185
Q
  • associated with food poisoning, typically through infection of starchy foods (i.e. rice)
A

Bacillus cereus:

Bacillus
Firmicutes
Order: Bacillales

186
Q

What differentiates Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus from each other?

A

These 3 species are considered to be variants of the same species differing only by virulence genes carried on plasmids easily transferred one to another

187
Q

Typically arrange themselves in grape-like clusters
§ Considered part of our normal flora
§ Grow well in high osmotic pressure, low moisture conditions (nasal
passages and on skin)
§ Facultative anaerobic, cocci bacteria

A

Staphylococcus

188
Q 
§ Golden in color (may protect from antimicrobial effects of sunlight)
§ Produce many exotoxins that aid in pathogenicity (allow invasion or
damage tissues)
§ Commonly infect surgical wounds
§ Develops drug resistance quickly
§ Infections differ by anatomic region:
- Vaginal tract: toxic shock syndrome
- GI tract: food poisoning
- Respiratory tract: sinus infections
A

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus
Firmicutes
Order: Bacillales

189
Q

What are the genus found in Bacillales?

A

Bacillus and Staphylococcus

190
Q

What are the Orders found in Phylum Firmicutes

A

Clostridiales
Bacillales
Lactobacillales
Mycoplasmatales

191
Q

What are the genus found in Lactobacillales?

A

Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Listeria (named after Joseph Lister)

192
Q

What are the genus found in Mycoplasmatales?

A

Mycoplasmas

193
Q
  • Generally aerotolerant anaerobes
  • In humans, can be found in oral cavity, vaginal and GI tracts
  • Commercially important in pickle, yogurt, sauerkraut and buttermilk
    production
    Most lack an electron-transport chain
A

Lactobacillus
Order: Lactobacillales
Firmicutes

194
Q

Why is it bad that lactobacillus doesn’t have an ETC?

A

inefficient metabolism; can’t utilize oxygen as e-acceptor

grow poorly compared to oxygen utilizing bacteria

195
Q

Why is it beneficial that lactobacillus doesn’t have an ETC?

A

they generate lactic acid from simple carbohydrates and the low pH inhibits the growth of competing organisms.

196
Q 
Spherical bacteria that typically grow in chains
– responsible for more illnesses and greater number of
diseases than any other genus
– Express and secrete a number of substances that aid in its
survival and pathogenicity
• Proteins to kill phagocytic cells
• Enzymes that help spread infection
- digesting host connective tissues
which may also cause tissue
destruction
- destroying fibrin, a component
of blood clots
A

Streptococcus
Order: Lactobacillales
Firmicutes

197
Q

classified based upon their colony

appearance on blood agar medium

A

Streptococci

198
Q

express hemolysin that lyses red blood

cells, leaving a clear zone around the colony

A

Beta-hemolytic species

199
Q

species partially degrade red blood cells (due to
hydrogen peroxide production only in the presence of oxygen) and their
colonies are surrounded by a distinctive greening

A

Alpha-hemolytic species

200
Q

species do not affect red blood cells

A

Gamma (non-hemolytic) species

201
Q

(Beta-hemolytic Group A Strep): causative agent of Scarlet

and Rheumatic Fever

A

S. pyogenes

202
Q

Beta-hemolytic Group B Strep: neonatal sepsis

A

S. agalactiae

203
Q

cause of pneumococcal pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae (alpha hemolytic)

204
Q

primary cause of dental caries

A

S. mutans (alpha hemolytic)

205
Q

a non-Linnaenan term for a large group of normal

microbiotia streptococcal bacteria that are either α-hemolytic or nonhemolytic

A

viridans

206
Q 
Part of our normal intestinal flora
that occasionally cause urinary
tract infections and sepsis
– Adapted to nutrient rich but low
oxygen body regions 
- GI tract
- oral cavity
- vagina
– Major cause of hospital-acquired infections because they
persist on inanimate objects for long periods of time and
have high resistance to most antibiotics
A

Enterococcus
Order: Lactobacillales
Firmicutes

207
Q

________ and _______, are responsible for most

surgical wound and urinary tract infections

A

E. faecalis and E. faecium
Enterococcus
Order: Lactobacillales
Firmicutes

208
Q

usually the causative agent of
listerosis, a serious infection caused by eating food
contaminated with the bacteria.
§ one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens (20-30% of
clinical infections result in death)
- a 2011 Listerosis outbreak from contaminated
cantaloupe sickened 147 people and killed 33
§ Can survive within phagocytic cells and infection of
pregnant women poses risk to developing fetus
§ Capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures

A

L. monocytogenes
Listeria
Order: Lactobacillales
Firmicutes

209
Q

Lack a cell wall; pleomorphic as a result
named because they
can produce filaments that resemble those associated with fungi
Are very small (0.1 - 0.24 µm) and originally classified as viruses
• May be the smallest, self-replicating, free-living life form
• Analysis of their DNA suggests they were once closely related to other families but lost genes over time

A

• Mycoplasmas
Order: Mycoplasmatales
Firmicutes

210
Q

is the most significant species of “mykes”, causing a mild

pneumonia

A

M. pneumoniae
• Mycoplasmas
Order: Mycoplasmatales
Firmicutes

211
Q

mykes

A

fungus

212
Q

plasma

A

formed

213
Q

High G + C and Gram-positive

A

Actinobacteria

214
Q

Genera found in the Phylum Actinobacteria

A 
Nocardia
Frankia
Streptomyces
Actinomyces
Mycobacterium 
Corynebacterium
Propionibacterium
215
Q

How are genera classified in the Dichotomous key for Actinobacteria?

A

genera appear to
radiate due to the number of branching filaments associated with
them

216
Q

Draw the dichotomous key for Actinobacteria

A

slide 82

217
Q

Some are highly pleomorphic in morphology and others

grow only as extended, often branching filaments

A

actinobacteria

218
Q

actinobacteria have high _____ content

A

GC

219
Q

The genera ___________ in actinobacteria is pleomorphic

A

Corynebacterium

220
Q

Filamentous genera resemble fungi but are __________. Some, like fungi, carry external spores for reproduction and are common inhabitants of soil.

A

prokaryotes

221
Q

Why is the filamentous design of some actinobacteria advantageous?

A
  • organism can bridge a water-free gap to a new
    nutritional site
  • increased surface area for greater nutrient
    absorption
222
Q

The genus __________ is one of the most common soil isolates. Strict aerobes. Produce a gaseous compound, _________, that gives soil its musty odor
• Valuable because they produce most of our commercial antibiotics

A

Streptomyces; geosmin

223
Q

Reproductive asexual spores (____________) form at the end of the
coiled aerial filaments that can germinate into a new colony if released
into proper conditions

A

conidiospores

224
Q

not Gram positive
Aerobic, non-spore forming rods
_______= Fungus-like; so named because they occasionally
exhibit filamentous growth
- Cell wall is similar to gram negative bacteria but the
outermost lipopolysaccharide layer of their cell wall is
replaced by _______ acids, giving them a waxy, water resistant
layer. This results in:
* Acid-fast staining
* blocked entry of antimicrobial compounds
* resistance to environmental stressors like drying
* reduced nutrient uptake and growth rate

A

MYCOBACTERIUM

myco; mycolic;

225
Q

Important members of mycobacterium

A

M. tuberculosis and M. leprae,

causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively

226
Q 
Facultative anaerobes, branched
filaments that replicate by
fragmentation
• Common in soil and animal microbiota,
present in the mouth and throat of
humans
• Causative agents of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
a tissue destroying disease
affecting the head, neck or lungs
A

actinomycosis; Genus Actinomyces: actinobacteria

227
Q

• Morphologically similar to ____________ and also replicate by
fragmentation
• Aerobic, acid-fast bacteria (not gram positive)
• Common in soil

A

actinomyces; genus nocardia; actinobacteria

228
Q

can causes a chronic pulmonary
infection and is also the cause of mycetoma, a localized,
infection affecting feet and hands

A

nocardia asteroides

genus nocardia
actinobacteria

229
Q

coryne

A

club-shaped

230
Q

Genus __________
pleomorphic, morphology often changes with age
• ___________ is the causative agents of diphteria

A

Genus Corynebacterium:
C. diphtheriae i
Actinobacteria

231
Q

Genus ______________
named for ability to form ________ acid
• some species important in the formation of Swiss cheese
• ________ are commonly found on human skin
and implicated as the primary bacterial cause
of acne

A

Genus Propionibacterium; propanoic acid; P. acnes

Actinobacteria

232
Q

Genus _____________: causes nitrogen-fixing nodules to form on
alder tree roots

A

Frankia

Actinobacteria

233
Q 
Phylum \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: 
• Gram negative, budding bacteria
• Blur the definition of bacteria
– Bacterial rRNA gene sequence
- Some have organelles resembling
those of eukaryotic cells
A

Planctomycetes

234
Q

Genus _____________:

– Aquatic bacteria that produce stalks like ___________

A

Planctomyces; caulobacter

Phylum Planctomycetes

235
Q
  • May be a model for the origin of the
    eukaryotic nucleus
  • Double internal membrane around
    DNA, like a nuclear membrane
A

Gemmata obscuriglobus
genus planctomyces
phylum planctomycetes

236
Q

What was an important recent research finding about Chylmadia?

A

Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiae species had
a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but recent work demonstrated a
detectable presence of peptidoglycan
(2014 Nature paper detects peptidoglycan in Chylmadia!)

237
Q

Phylum ____________:
Grow intracellularly (obligate) within a eukaryotic host (like
Rickettsiae)
• Gram negative cocci.
• Direct Transmission: interpersonal contact or aerosols (not by
ticks etc)
• Lab cultivation is difficult; must cultivate in lab animals, cell
culture or the yolk sac of embryonated chicken eggs

A

Phylum Chlamydiae

238
Q

___________: different serovars are responsible
for different diseases
1) _________ (leading cause of blindness in developing
countries)
Sexually transmitted diseases
2) _________ ________ (most common STD in
U.S.)
3) lymphogranuloma venerum

A 
Chlamydia trachomatis: 
trachoma
nongonococcal urethritis
Genera: Chlamydia
Phylum: Chlamydiae
239
Q

mild form of pneumonia

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Genus: Chlamydophila
Phylum: Chlamydiae

240
Q

Respiratory disease

Psittacosis

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

Genus: Chlamydophila
Phylum: Chlamydiae

241
Q

Describe the life cycle of the chlamydias

A

slide 93

242
Q

Phylum ______________:
• Name is derived from their coiled morphology
• Motile bacteria (rotating axial filaments)
• Many Inhabit the human oral and vaginal
cavities

A

Phylum Spirochaetes

243
Q

Most important pathogenic genera/species of spirochetes

A

Borrelia burgdorferi
Leptospira:
Treponema pallidum:

244
Q

causative agent of Lyme disease; transmission from ticks or lice to humans

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Phylum Spirochaetes

245
Q

____________, transmission from animals to humans

through contaminated water

A

Leptospira: Leptospirosis

Phylum Spirochaetes

246
Q

causative agent of Syphillis

A

Treponema pallidum

Phylum Spirochaetes

247
Q 
Motile bacteria; utilize two
or more axial filaments
(endoflagella)
 Allows the cell to rotate
like a corkscrew, easily
cutting through liquids
A

spirochetes

248
Q

§ Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-endospore
forming bacteria
§ Common inhabitants of the GI tract (most substantial portion)
§ Some species found in gingival crevice
§ Cause infections at surgical sites, puncture wounds and
through perforated bowel

A

Phylum Bacteroidetes

Genus Bacteroides

249
Q

Gram negative non-motile rods present in the mouth and

known for creating periodontal and tooth problems

A

Genus Prevotella

Phylum Bacteroidetes

250
Q

What is a unique characteristic about Phylum bacteroidetes, what the genus that are found in it?

A

Includes several genera of anaerobic bacteria
Genus Bacteroides
Genus Prevotella

251
Q
  • Anaerobic phylum

* Often pleiomorphic but may be spindle-shaped

A

Phylum Fusobacteria

252
Q

fuso

A

spindle

253
Q 
– Long, slender spindle-shaped
rods, pointed at the ends
– Are found in the mouth
– May be involved in dental
diseases
A

Genus Fusobacterium

Phylum Fusobacteria

254
Q

More resistant to radiation than are endospores
(survive a radiation exposure 1500x the dosage
that would kill a human)
– Resistance to is due to rapid repair of radiation
damage, which also extends to chemical
mutagens

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus

255
Q

– Hot spring in Yellowstone National Park

– Source of Taq polymerase

A

Thermus aquaticus

Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus

256
Q

Types of species found in Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

Thermus aquaticus

257
Q

Domain ________
Placed into 5 physiological (3) or nutritional (2) groups
_____________: often conventional morphology but can be
unusual

A

archae; extremophiles

258
Q

high temperatures; >80 degrees

A

thermophiles

259
Q

survive in extremely low pH and often high

temps

A

acidophiles

260
Q

thrive in high salt concs

A

halophiles

261
Q

oxidize ammonia for energy

A

nitrifying

262
Q

anaerobic bacteria that generate

methane gas by combining CO2 and H2

A

methanogens

263
Q

PCR indicates up to _________ different types of bacteria in a 1 gram soil sample. (_______
named thus far in Bergey’s)
• Many bacteria have not been identified
because they haven’t been cultured
– Need special nutrients
– Are a part of complex food chains requiring the
products of other bacteria
• Culturing is necessary to understand their
metabolism and ecological role

A

10000, 15975

Microbiology (15 decks)

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