Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS249 Dev Neurobiology > L2 - NS Evolution > Flashcards

L2 - NS Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the NS of a singled celled organism

A

Receptive and response

Very basic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of a single celled organism whos NS can be studied?

What can it respond to>

A

Euglena

Can respond to photons of light which are transduced by a pigment localised to the eyespot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can be said about the NS of the Euglena

A

Very basic

Little oppurtunity for more complex behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs with multicellularity

A

Specialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of behaviours can be seen in multicellular organisms

A

Anticipatory and responsive behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the flow of water through a sponge

A

In through the wall of the body - out throught the osculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What iregulates flow of water in the sponge

A

Myocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define what is meant by a myocyte in a sponge

A

Specialised muscle cells which are able to repsond to strech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the proposed evolution of the myocyte in the sponge

A

Initially was found spanning the wall of the outer epithelium acting as an independent effector
Later found beneath the wall of the eipithelium recieveing communication from a sensorimotor neurone found in the epithelia which was responding to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define what is meant by ‘motor neurones’

A

Recieve input from true sensory cells

Output to effectors and other motor neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What have recent studies in hydra found

A

Presence of neurosecretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is another word for neurosecretory

A

Neuropeptidergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of chemicals are secreted by neuropeptidergic cells

A

Hormones

E.g. insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (controls growth hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the important implication of the neurosecretory cells in the Hydra

A

These can regulate myocytes so it can be said there is a two way flow of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is also found in Hydra

A

Interneurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe where interneurones are found

A

Lie between sensory and motor neurones/myocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of interneurones what does this allow for

A

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

This allows for more complex behaviours to be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two properties are seen in flat worms

A

CLustering and organisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is gangliation

A

The coming together of many neurones to form a cluster

Ganlia (PNS) nuclei (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cephalisation

A

Emergence of differences between the head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

The symmetry around the anterior - posterior axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is fasiculation

A

Large bundles of axons instead of just a singular neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is are commissures

A

The decussation across the midline to synapse with effects of the contralateral side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where in Amelids is there a large clustering of ganglia

A

Around the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does this clustering around the pharynx give

A

Suprapharyngeal ganglia (primitive brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is the C.elegans such a useful model organism

A

The entire NS has been mapped out

27
Q

How many neurones C.elegans

A

302

28
Q

How many glia C.elegans

A

56

29
Q

What are the three nerve cords found within the C.elegans

A

Ventral, dorsal and lateral

30
Q

In the C.elegans what do most neuronal cells originate from

A

AB cells

31
Q

What is the first division on the P0 cell in C.elegans

A

P1 and AB

32
Q

What is produced in the division of the AB cells in C.elegans

A

ABa and ABp

33
Q

What is produced in the division of P1 in C.elegans

A

EMS and P2

34
Q

What is produced in the divsion of P2 in C.elegans

A

C and P3

35
Q

What is produced by the division of P3 in C.elegans

A

D and P4

36
Q

What do the P4 cells form

A

Germ line

37
Q

What do the EMS cells divide into C.elegans

A

MS E

38
Q

What do the MS E C and D cells in the C.elegans go on to form

A

Body, muscle, gut and the gonads

39
Q

What do the AB cells form

A

Hypodermis and neuronal cells

40
Q

What do the neuronal cells in C.elegans share a lineage with

A

The hypodermis (skin)

41
Q

What is the major nerve cord in drosophila

What can be seen from it

A

Major ventral nerve cord

Can see lots of gangliation and cephalisation

42
Q

DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 0

A

Egg

43
Q

DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 1

A

Hatching of the larva

This then has 3 larval stages

44
Q

DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 5

A

Pupation forms the pupa

45
Q

DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 9 -

A

Metamorphis and the adult is produced

46
Q

In a diagram of the early drosphila embryo what happens to the neurogenic region after the involution of the mesoderm

A

Delaminates and buds off forming neuroblasts

47
Q

What do the neuroblasts then go on to form

A

The ventral nerve cord

48
Q

What is the neurogenic region found next to

A

The ectoderm

49
Q

What does the division of a neroblast produced

A

Another neuroblast

Ganglion mother cell

50
Q

What do ganglion mother cells produce

A

Neurons and glia

51
Q

Neuroblasts are known as

A

The dividing projenitors of the nervous system

52
Q

What is common feature of vertebrates

A

Common body plan

53
Q

What strucuture does the vertebrate NS develop from

A

Neural plate

54
Q

Describe the neural plate

A

Single layered neuroepithelium

55
Q

What side of the vertebrate does the neural plate develop

A

On the dorsal side

56
Q

What is one of the most ancinent parts, evolutionarily of the CNS - what is its function

A

The hypothalamus is an autonomous integrating centre

57
Q

What is the hypothalmus proximal to

A

The pharynx

58
Q

What organism was used as an early pregnancy test

Explain how this would

A 
Xenopus frog (vertebrate)
When the female was exposed to high levels of progesterone (such as the concentrations found in a pregnant womens urine) it caused ovulation
59
Q

What is next to the skin in the xenopus

A

Neurogenic region Whe

60
Q

Which was does the neurogenic region migrate

A

Downwards

61
Q

At what time point does the first neural differentiation take place in humans?
What does this mark?

A

2 weeks

Marks the point at which scientific experimentation is no longer allowed

62
Q

What surface is the NS found on in vertebrates

A

Dorsal

63
Q

What surface is the NS found on in invertebrates

A

Ventral surface

BMS249 Dev Neurobiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions