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BMS249 Dev Neurobiology > Whole Module > Flashcards

Whole Module Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reuslt ofo downreg of achaete and scute

A

Downregulation in delta expression

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2
Q

Define ganglination//how does It help

A

Coming together of many neurones into a cluster // allows communication between many neurones

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3
Q

Describe the type of nervous system seen in Hydra

A

Hydra are radially symmetrical and thus posees a nerve net rather than a central NS but without a brain or any type of cephalisation - this does however allow Hydra to respond to physical contact as well as detect food and other chemicals

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4
Q

Give examples of transcription factors that lead to BMP antgaonist expression

A

Gooesecoid, Xnot, Xlim

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5
Q

Four forces of axon guidance

A

Contact attraction, chemoattraction, contact repulsion, chemorepulsion

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6
Q

T or F newly born neurones are always dependent on NTs in order to suvive

A

F - not always - some havent yet extended axons

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7
Q

What is the name of the chemorepellant secreted by the roof plate directing axon gorwth away from it

A

BMP7

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8
Q

What is the model for how the NP gets longer

A

Activation transformation

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9
Q

Give examples of raly patterning molecules that are later used to direct axon growth

A

BMP7 initially involved in dorsalisation of the nueral tube and later directs comissural sensory relay neurones away from the roof plate /// Shhh used to specify the fates of ventral neurones and also used to guide axons to the floor plate

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10
Q

What assumptions does measuring the postsynaptic potential as a result of quantal increase of afferent stimulation require

A

The smallest size of resposnse seen in the target muscle corresponds to the innervation by a single afferent. Linear between stimulus size and postsynaptic response

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11
Q

What is the other name for permissive substrate

A

Contact attractant

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12
Q

Three factors that neural crest cell fate depends on

A

Position or origin of neural crest cells, time of generation and migratory pathway

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13
Q

What types of cell movement occur for the axial mesoderm to move under the neural plate

A

Involution, intercalation then they undergo convergent extension

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14
Q

Can growth cones adhere to non permissive substrates

A

No

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15
Q

In a sponge what does the water flow in through

A

Body Wall

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16
Q

What does the expression of proneural genes mean for a cell

A

It is competenet to become a neurone

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17
Q

What are the two roles ephrins and ephs play

A

Keeping axons out of specific area and compartmentalising the embryo into specific domains - e.g. rhombomeres

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18
Q

Mixture of neurones fasciulate wit

A

Their own kind

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19
Q

What class of receptor is TrkA

A

RTK

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20
Q

Describe gangliation

A

Coming together of many neurones into a cluster // allows communication between many neurones

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21
Q

What is the result of ectopic limb bud grafitng in the chick embryo during development

A

Increased survival of synapses and motor neurones in those regions

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22
Q

Give an example of how Euglena repsonds to a stimulus

A

Responds to light photons transduced by pigment localised to the eyespot

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23
Q

T or F: The posteiror nervous system develops as the involuted node regresses posteriorly down the primitive streak

A

T

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24
Q

Name an example of a segmented worm

A

Annelids

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25
Q

What sits under the anterior neural plate

A

Prechordal mesoderm

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26
Q

Describe the labelled pathway hypothesis

A

Axons selectively fasicualte with others due to the srufaces carrying cues. Different growth cones express different receptor sets for these cues. Early pioneer axons form a scaffold

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27
Q

Shh -/- causes

A

Multiple dysmorphology

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28
Q

Why is the NS ventral in insects but dorsal in vertebrates

A

Common ancestor: Ubilateria - rotation of head by 180 lead to one NS ventral, one dorsal

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29
Q

What three places do sensory neurones originate from

A

Neural crest, neural tube or placodes

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30
Q

How many neruones and glia are there in C.elegans

A

302 neurones // 56 Glia

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31
Q

What were Beckers experiements, what were his conclusions

A

Implanted sarcoms provoked selective survival of non-placodal sensory and sympathetic neurones. This demonstrates the presence of a diffusible gorwth factor, when antibodies were raised against the factor DRG growth blocked

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32
Q

What is the fate of the majority of the neural plate border cells

A

Express transcription factors and give rise to neural crest cells which migrate all over the body in turn giving rise to a vast number of cells

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33
Q

What do the anterior endeoder and prechordal mesoderm induce

A

Anterior neural transcription factors

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34
Q

Explain the Wiess resonance theory when trying to explain axon guidance

A

Cell body of the neurons sends out random and diffuse neuronal porjections to all targets followed by the elimination of non-functional connections

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35
Q

What type of cells were likely to be the first example of neurones

A

Sensorimotor cells

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36
Q

Where do neural crest cells which form the Symp/para ANS coalesce

A

Beneath the notochord and the aorta

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37
Q

What does the ventral nerve cord show evidence of

A

Gangiation and cephalisation

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38
Q

Are axon pathways hihgly steroetyped

A

Yes

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39
Q

t or F - Robo is expressed at high levels at all times in the commiusrelss mutatns

A

F - initially NOT expressed at high levels in the commisssural neurones it is only expressed at high levels once the axon has crossed the midline

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40
Q

What nerve cords do the nematode worms have

A

Dorsal ventral and lateral nerve cords

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41
Q

What experiement provided evidence for the organisers role in nerual induction

A

Speman and Mangold - Organiser graft

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42
Q

Neurogenic mutant

A

Too many neurones developing

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43
Q

At what end is FGF WNT AND RA highest

A

Posterior

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44
Q

What occurs when F-actin contracts

A

Cells forced to change shape on the apical edge causes the formation of the neural tube

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45
Q

What do Euglena show a response to

A

Light - photons transduced by pigment in the eyespot

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46
Q

What occurs on the ventral side in insects and worms

A

Sog and Screw exp, sog inhibits dpp binding to its receptor, cells take a neural fate, neurogenic region formed

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47
Q

What is different about the neural cells in Xenpous

A

Don’t delaminate and remain as one layer

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48
Q

How do we create tissue specific knockouts

A

Create a model system in which loxP sites have been introduce either side of the target knockout gene. Cross this organism with another that has cre recombinase (which works on loxP sites) under the control of a promoter which directs expression of genes only in the target tissue. Progeny produced with have a normally functiong target gene except in the target tissue

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49
Q

T or F the greater target tissue mass the more NT avaialble to a neuroen

A

T

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50
Q

Sum up delta notch

A

Initially both cells equally capable of making delta and receiving notch, change/bias introduced so that one cell begins to make more inhibitory signal than the other

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51
Q

Recall the Shh pathway

A

Shh is a signalling molecule which binds to and inhibits pathched which results in the repression of the inhibiton of smoothened by pathced. Smoothened then free signal resulting in the activation of Gli A and Gli R - Balance between the two forms

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52
Q

Proneural mutants

A

No development of any neurones

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53
Q

What is the primary fate of cells in the proneural cluster

A

Neuroblasts

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54
Q

Where would you typically find expression of BMP antagonists

A

On the dorsal side of the embryo

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55
Q

What transcription factor is induced in the NPB as a result of intermediate levels of BMP sig

A

MSX1

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56
Q

Segementation in drosophila controlled by

A

HOX genes

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57
Q

Do growth cones turn>

A

No they reoragnaise

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58
Q

Commissural sensory relay neurones are initially attracted to the floor plate of the developing neural tube but then once having corssed it they are repelled by the floor plate - what are the guidance cue molecuels involved in this phenomena

A

Netrins released by the floor plate initially act as chemoattractive guidance cues to direct axon growth toweard it, Once the axon crosses the midline it loses all sensitivity to netrins and becomes sensitive to inhibitory guidance cues in the form of semaphorins and slits expressed by the floor plate which repel axon gorwth away from it

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59
Q

What does the EMS cell give rise to

A

MS and E

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60
Q

What was Weiss theory

A

Resonance - random diffuse connections, non funct eliminated

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61
Q

Are myocytes neurones?

A

No

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62
Q

Where are interneurones in the hydra located

A

In a nerve net

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63
Q

What occurs at the same time as neuralation

A

Involution of the axial mesoderm (notochord and prechordal mesoderm form and come to lie benath the ventral midline of the nerual tube

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64
Q

How many of the 8 cells in the proneural cluster bcome neurones

A

1

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65
Q

Trunk neural crest cells that have migrate into the axial mesoderm differentiate into …

A

The dorsal root ganglion

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66
Q

What happens to radial glia nuclei in S –> G2

A

Nucleus moves away from the mantle towards to ventricular zone

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67
Q

In what order are the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain formed

A

Forebrain first - then hindbrain and the midbrain forms last

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68
Q

What makes up the axial mesoderm

A

Anterior endoderm, pre-chrodal mesoderm and notochord

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69
Q

Do BMPs act as morphogens

A

BMPs from the surface ectoderm/roof plate act as morphogens to pattern other parts of the dorsal spinal cord

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70
Q

What does the neuroblast diff into

A

Ganglion mother cells and another neuroblasts

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71
Q

What does the axial mesoderm laid down in the wake of the posteriorly moving node induce

A

The proliferation and growth of the back end of the neural tube

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72
Q

What does less target give

A

Fewer synapses and neurones

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73
Q

What is the name give to the strucutre at which axon reporogramming occyrs

A

Choice point

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74
Q

What happens to commissural sensory relay neurones after they have crossed the midline of the hind brain

A

Lose their response to chemoattractive netrins

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75
Q

Describe distrib of SMAD1/7 on dorsal side

A

Low smad 1/ high smad 7 as BMP inhibited

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76
Q

What are hox genes activated by

A

Specific concentrations of posteiriorising facotrs

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77
Q

What does Shh cause in cells

A

Certain set of TFs confering ventral neural tube identities, set dep on conc of Shh cells is exposed to

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78
Q

What interaction induces mid brain strucutres

A

Interactions between hindbrain and forebrain

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79
Q

What is the vert homologue of SOG

A

Chordin

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80
Q

Notochord and FP become

A

Ventral

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81
Q

T or F - levels of FasII are able to influence the ammount of fasiculation in the ventral nerve cord of insects

A

T

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82
Q

In early devleopment a large number of synapses and nuerones are seen throughout the neuraxis with DRGS the same sixe throughout the body plan, how is this different in later development

A

At a later stage in dev DRGs at the limb regions are much larger than those at inter limb regions

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83
Q

Drosophila life cycle

A

0 days –> Egg // 1 day –> Hatching of the larva (3 stages) // 5 days –> Pupation // 9 days - Metamorphis produces the adult

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84
Q

How many neurones, how many connectiosn by each, how many connections total, how many genes, so how must genes be used

A

10^11 // 1000 ==> 10^14 // 20000 so must be used in combination

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85
Q

What is the name given to the posterior neural tube

A

Notochord

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86
Q

Layer three of the retina (furthest from the RPE cells)

A

Ganglion cells

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87
Q

What is the name of the molecules secreted by the floor plate directing axon gorwth toward it

A

Netrin

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88
Q

Descirbe RA signalling

A

Intracellular receptor when RA bound - enters nucleus and affects gene expression

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89
Q

What is the active subunit of NGF

A

B

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90
Q

Top end of neural plate bord crucual for

A

Head placodes

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91
Q

Where would GliA gdt be at its highest

A

Ventrally - more Shh

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92
Q

What does c-myc do

A

Induced ID –> proliferation and multipotency

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93
Q

Temporal axons go

A

Anterior

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94
Q

What can be said about the GliA GliR balance with Shh not bound

A

Higher levels of GliR

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95
Q

What is seen in a sema -/-

A

Several inappropriate axon projections rather than just innervating one target cell

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96
Q

What is the key difference between neuralation in vertebrates and innvertebrates

A

In invertbrates - indiiudal neuroblasts delmainate and froms neurones which cluster into a glanglia /// In vertebates the entire dorsal cell sheet is indcued to neural identity known as the nerual plate which rolles up to from the neural tube

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97
Q

What is seen when the limb bud is removed

A

Fewer DRG and motor neurones

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98
Q

What is the low affinity receptor for NGF

A

P75-NTR

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99
Q

What is the invert homologue of BMP1

A

Tolloid

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100
Q

Lower end of neural plate border crucial for

A

Neural crest formation

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101
Q

How does the neurogenic region arise

A

Through inhibition of the BMP/DPP signalling pathway

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102
Q

What have recent studies revelaed about Hydra

A

Have neurosecretory cells that secrete hormons

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103
Q

What cells does the body, muscle, gut and gonad give rise to

A

MS E C D

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104
Q

What are some examples of hormones secreted by neurosecretory cells of the Hydra

A

Insulin, somatostain, glucagon

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105
Q

What is the invert homologue of BMP4

A

DPP

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106
Q

Define commisures

A

The crossing of the midline to allow neurones to synapse with effects of the contralateral side of the body

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107
Q

What is the name of the strucutre that gives rise to the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord?

A

Anterior posterior neuraxis

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108
Q

What occurs when growth cone restin, how does this change when growth cone encounters an attractive cue

A

Resting –> Tubulin dragged sporadically into the filopodia - this dragging occurs more frequently when growth cone encounters and attracte cue

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109
Q

What neurones form ventrally in the midbrain

A

Dopaminergic

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110
Q

T or F NGF is only important for the survival of neutrites

A

F - also imp for the survival of the soma and can guide gorwth cones in vivo

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111
Q

What classes of molecules lead to an induction of neural tissue that has an anteiror character

A

BMP and Wnt antagonists

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112
Q

Where can axons only gow

A

At places where they can adhere

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113
Q

What type of signalling exists between pairs of cells in a proneural cluster

A

Juxtacrine

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114
Q

What vesicles form the forebrain

A

tele and di

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115
Q

Which cells migrate and generate the parasympathetic ganglia

A

Vagal and sacral neural crest cells

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116
Q

What neurones form ventrally in the forebrain

A

Hypothalamic

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117
Q

How could you test to see if a morphogen is secreted from the notochord

A

Graft notochord in ectopic site of host embryo – should induce a secondary FP and secodnary set of motor neurones with bilateral symmetry

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118
Q

What neurones form ventrally in the hindbrain

A

Sertonergic

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119
Q

In the mature cerebellum how many climbing fibres synapse with each purkinje cell

A

1

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120
Q

What type of behaviours are found in more complex organisms

A

anticipatory

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121
Q

What is the TF crucial for development of the eye, what occurs if it ectopically activated

A

PAX6 leads to ectopic development of the eye

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122
Q

Signals from the notochord cause

A

Cells at the back end of the neural plate to proliferate and transform from anteiror to posteiror identity

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123
Q

What are the two properties of a basic nervous system

A

Receptive and responsive

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124
Q

Are posteriorising signals antagonised by prechordal tissue

A

Yes

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125
Q

Where is cephalisation seen in flat worms, segmented worms and insects>

A

Anterior/rostral end close to the pharynx

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126
Q

High SMAD1/low SMAD7 leads to expression of

A

MSX, GATA1 and other epidermalising transcription factors

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127
Q

Where are mature connections between prukinje fibres and climbing fibres made

A

In the dendrites

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128
Q

T/F Being recepting responsive and spontaneous Euglena show an example of a NS?

A

T

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129
Q

What are myocytes (sponge)

A

Specialised muscle cells that respond to strech

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130
Q

What occurs when TrkA is act

A

Ligand induced dimerisation and autophosphorylation… then has complex downstream pathways

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131
Q

Define fasculisation

A

Large bundles of axons in a fasicle instead of individual axons

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132
Q

What is the difference in acting arrangement in the structures of the growth cone

A

F-actin bundled together in a polarised fashion in filopodium whereas in the lamellae they are cross linked to form a net

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133
Q

Ear develops form the

A

ootic placode

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134
Q

Signals form the organiser inhibit BMP signalling to …

A

Dorsalise and pattern the adjacent mesoderm

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135
Q

What is the nerual plate border crucical for

A

Formation of the nerual crest cells and the PNS, formation of the roof plate and the closure and internalisation of the neural tube

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136
Q

What are climbing fibres an example of

A

Decreasing convergence in development

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137
Q

What is seen in ROBo mutants

A

Insensitivity to slit protein so all commissural neurones go back and forth across the midline forming roundabouts of neurones fourming ROUNDABOUTS. They are constnantly attracted to the Netrins produced by the midline glia cells and not repelled by the action of slit

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138
Q

Describe what occurs to express delta

A

Achatete scute proteins cause expression of delta which is recived by the notch receptor

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139
Q

Explain the actin treadmilling that is seen in the resting growth cone

A

F-actin subunits are added at the peripheral zone, move through the microfilament and are removed at the central zone. Tubulin is sporadically drageed into the filopodia

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140
Q

What happens during development of the lens placode

A

Thickening of ectoderm where it touches the optic, groove/vesicles, optic vesicles then invaginates to form a double layered cup

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141
Q

What cell fate is taken when BMP signalling antagonised

A

Neural identities

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142
Q

What are the simplest type of neurones found in Drosophila

A

Neuroblasts

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143
Q

What is seen in FasII mutants

A

Defasciculated axons

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144
Q

What is seen in delta notch -/- mutants `

A

All cells in the proneural cluster become neurones

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145
Q

What strucutre does the organiser differentiate into

A

Prechordal mesoderm and notochord

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146
Q

What is the roles of the roof plate cells

A

Important in the final step of neurulation and dorsal neural tube patterning

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147
Q

What TFs are activated by achaete and scute that are involved in specifying neuronal diff

A

Neurogenin

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148
Q

What is the effect of Chordin/SOG of BMP sig

A

Inhibition

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149
Q

Define lateral inhibition

A

Induction often used to make initally similar cells ifferent from one another

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150
Q

What casues neurones to fasiculate with only their own kind

A

Repulsive cues triggered when the neurones come into contact with each other enduces the collapse of the growth cone by destabilising the F actin between axons of differening neurones

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151
Q

What are rhombomeres

A

Regions of the hindbrain which form from the rhombencephalon

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152
Q

In chicks and humans the hollow sphere seen in Xenopus becomes

A

Flattened into 3 sheets

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153
Q

Where was NGF isolated from

A

Submandibular gland

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154
Q

T or F Differnet populations of neurones are affected by loss of different neurotrophin receptors

A

T

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155
Q

What are the main distinguishing features of a growth cone

A

Filopodia - long projections, lamellae -web like fanning between the projections

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156
Q

What does Shh bind to

A

Patched

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157
Q

Where is sShh secreted from

A

Notochord then FP

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158
Q

A multipotent progenitor can form either

A

A glial progentior or a comitted neural precurrsor

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159
Q

T or F - Commissureless is only expressed in the comissural neurones

A

T

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160
Q

From the results of the capenot expt what can be concluded about NGF

A

Affects cell and neutrite surivival and guides growth cones. Acts in a tropic and trophic manner

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161
Q

What class of recepotr is the recepotor which NGF binds to with hi affinity

A

RTK

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162
Q

What cells are involved in dorsal neural tube patterning/diff

A

Roof plate cell

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163
Q

Explain the projections seen in the retinotectal pathway

A

Connections are flipped - nasal neurones of the retina project to the posterior tectum, temporal neurone project to the anteiror tectum

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164
Q

What is the effect of BMP1/Tolloid on BMP sig

A

Increases

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165
Q

Describe myocytes before and after evolution

A

Originally act as an independent effector but then after evolution there is a sensorimotor neurone connection to the myocytes

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166
Q

How do Dpp and Sog (genes/products) interact in order for cells to adopt a nerual fate

A

SOG binds to dpp in the ECM and prevents it binding to receptors

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167
Q

What are the two daughters of the P0 cell

A

AB and P1

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168
Q

What is the role of PAX 3 6 7 and Lim1

A

Cause neural tube progenitors to acquire dorsal identities

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169
Q

Wnt acts with PAX3 and ZIC1 to express

A

C-Myc Id and Snail and Fox D3

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170
Q

What are radial glia thought of as, why?

A

Neural stem cells, provide a pool of undifferentiated cells that are used to build up the NS

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171
Q

How many neurones/glia in C.elegans

A

302 neurones // 56 Glia

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172
Q

Explain how comm, robo and slit interact in the invertebrate embryo

A

Slit binds to robo. Comm encodes a trafficking protein that prevents the vesicles containing robo reaching the cell surface or neurones therofroe preventing the inhibitory slit signal being received. After crossing the midlin comm expression turned off and robo containing vesicles reach the surface and the cell can respond to the slit inhibitory signal allowing it to change direction

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173
Q

Where would you expect to find the highest concentrations of BMP and Wnt in the developing neural tube

A

Dorsally

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174
Q

The neural plate border forms on the edges of

A

BMP singalling

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175
Q

What factors help determine which cell types neural progenitors differentiate into

A

Position or origin of neural crest cells, time of generation and migratory pathway

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176
Q

How do Euglena show aspects of possessing a nervous system

A

Exhibit sponataneous swimming and activity and respond to light

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177
Q

What is secreted by the nod

A

BMP antagonists

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178
Q

Describe the delta-notch signalling pathway

A

Elevation of notch signalling in one of the cells reuslts in an upregulation of suppressor of hairless and enhancer of split in that cell. SuH and Espl result in the downregulation of achaete and scute in that cell which in turn down regulates delta. In the other cell decreased activated notch receptors (due to dec delta in the original cell) results in a decrease in SuH and Espl expression in that cell meaning there is less inhibition of achaete and scute. With achate and scute signalling increased the cell expresses more delta, this cell will give rise to a neuron as achaete and scute transcriptionally activate neurogenin

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179
Q

Roughly when does a daughter cell decide on its fate in the devleoping NS

A

Immeidiatly after division

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180
Q

What were the Hydra recently found to have

A

Neurosecretory cells

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181
Q

Where is BMP action inhibited

A

In the dorsal of the embryo

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182
Q

T or F Permissive factors both define a substrates path and dictate the direction of axon growth

A

F - cant dictate direction

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183
Q

What is the drosophila homologue of SHH

A

Hh

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184
Q

Is retinoic acid an example of a morphogen?

A

yes

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185
Q

What process aloows both axons to stick to the scaffold but then also to get off when their target is reached

A

Control of fasciulation

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186
Q

Do lots of synapses fail during dev

A

Y

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187
Q

Explain how the midbrain is formed in the early embryo

A

Interaction at the border between the forebrain and the hindbrain results in an induction of midbrain like tissue

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188
Q

Sponge water in through

A

Body Wall

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189
Q

What does the suprapharyngeal gland form

A

Primitve brain

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190
Q

High levels of achatete scute in one cells …

A

Leads to production of BHLH protein and cell forms a neuronal precurrsor

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191
Q

What is the invert homologue of BMP7

A

Screw

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192
Q

T or F: Some all of the neural plate border cells form neural crest cell

A

False - some neural plat border cells are retained and form roof plate cells

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193
Q

What is the vert homlogue of tolloid

A

BMP1

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194
Q

3 domains of the growth cone

A

Central trans, and peripheral

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195
Q

What type of body symmetry is seen in worls

A

hydra are radially symmetrical and thus posees a nerve net rather than a central NS but without a brain or any type of cephalisation - this does however allow Hydra to respond to physical contact as well as detect food and other chemicals

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196
Q

What are the nerve cords of C.elegans

A

Ventral dorsal and lateral

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197
Q

Where is Shh highest

A

Ventrally

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198
Q

When are the ganglion cells of the retina born

A

Born first migrate last

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199
Q

What signalling pathway leads to the lateral inhibition in the proneural lcuster

A

Delta notch signalling pathway

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200
Q

What can be said about when the rods are bord

A

Born last migrate last

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201
Q

What causes the change in behaviour of axons crossing the midline in vertebrates

A

Robo3/Rig1 inhibits robo1 from acting until the axon crosses the midline

202
Q

What type of induction is used in proneural clusters

A

Lateral inhibition

203
Q

What arent neurotrophins abundant in the dev embryo

A

Because they specifiy reigonal areas of cell survival and dictate a selection process. Too many neurotrophins would result in too many neurones and synapses surviving

204
Q

What is the name of the strucutre that forms at the ventral midline of the neural tube

A

Floor plate

205
Q

Where is robo expressed

A

Expressed at high levels in the axons that don’t corss the midline

206
Q

What was Sperrys theory

A

Chemoaffinity - directed and specific axon growth following identification tags

207
Q

Where is chordin expressed

A

Dorsally

208
Q

At the same time as genes that control survival, proliferation and multipotency, what other class of genes are turned on, what effect does this have

A

genes which promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition causes delamination of neural crest cells and they migrate away

209
Q

What does extra target give

A

More synapses and neurones

210
Q

What type of genes control segment identity

A

Homeobox containing genes (Hox)

211
Q

What are the two recepotrs NGF binds to

A

TRKA and P75-NTR

212
Q

What is the BMP/Wnt/Shh gradient converted into

A

GliA GliR gradient

213
Q

What is a capenot chamber

A

Central chamber with two zones either side, thin gaps under the walls enough for axons to extend under but cell body cant get under

214
Q

Low levels of achate scute in one cell …

A

Cells adopts the supporting cell fate

215
Q

What are the two models for segmentation due to gradients

A

Alan turing reaction diffusion and Wolpert postitonal information

216
Q

What is the high affinity NGF receptor

A

TrkA

217
Q

What do the AB cells divide to give

A

ABA (L and R) ABP (L and R)

218
Q

What is found in the inner layer of the optic cup

A

Contains a stem like population

219
Q

Nasal axons go

A

Posteiror

220
Q

What does the pre-chordal mesoderm form

A

Head

221
Q

How is B NGF secreted

A

As a dimer

222
Q

T or F: In the prospective hindbrain, BMP and Wnt inhibitors ensure that no posteiorising signals function

A

F - BMP and Wnt inhibitors prevent posteriorisation in the prospective forebrain

223
Q

The levels of which gene product signalling is responsible for controlling the levels of SuH and Espl

A

Notch signalling

224
Q

What type of force do semaphorins use

A

Contact repelllant

225
Q

High levels of nodal gives the

A

Organiser

226
Q

If the NPB cells are crucial for roofplate formation what must they also be imp in

A

Patterning of the dorsal neural tube

227
Q

T or F Only some neurones can bind to P75-NTR due to its low affinity

A

F - all can because low affintiy

228
Q

Which process results in the formation of neuroblasts and neuroectoderm from the proneural clusters

A

Lateral inhibition

229
Q

Radial glia dividie asymm, what two cells are formed

A

One like mother, second uses the scaffold to migrate laterally and dif into a neurone

230
Q

How do the BMP antagonists act

A

Bind with higher affinity to BMP receptors of bind directly to BMP altering its connfimation and preventing binding

231
Q

Recall the features of neural inducers

A

Expressed by organiser, overexpresison in ectopic site leads to the induction of secondary axis, inhibition prevents the formation of the axis

232
Q

What are the four forces of axon guidacne

A

Contact attract/repul chem attract/repul

233
Q

What type of neurones do hydra contain

A

Interneurones and motor neurones

234
Q

Example of a proneural mutant

A

Achaete scute mutant

235
Q

What do the leading edge cells become

A

Anterior endoerm

236
Q

Can neurones change which NT they require throughout development

A

Yes

237
Q

What causes the formation of the neural plate border

A

Cells have received an intermediate level of BMP and have begun to go down - but not fully - a neural fate

238
Q

Where is Ra highest

A

At the posteiror

239
Q

What is spinobifida

A

Failure of the neural tube to close properly

240
Q

During neuralation what happens to the mediolateral axis

A

D-V

241
Q

What occurs when Shh is bound to ptc

A

Inhibition of the inhibition of Ptc to smoothened so free to signal to Gli

242
Q

What is the name given to the anterior neural tube

A

Prechordal mesoderm and notochord

243
Q

Is Shh only expressed in the hindbrain T/F?

A

False also expressed in the forebrain and the midbrain

244
Q

Upregualtion of BMPS and WNTs byt the RP cause neural tube progenitors

A

to adopt dorsal identities

245
Q

What does the nerual crest cells form

A

PNS, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, facial cartilage, dentin of the teeth

246
Q

Example of a neurogenic mutant

A

Notch -/-

247
Q

How do antagonists of BMP/DPP act, name two

A

Act as a sponge to mop up BMP4/DPP (making it unable to bind to receptor, competitive binding NOGGIN AND CHORDIN FOR BMP ::: SOG FOR DPP

248
Q

What happens when NGF binds to recepotrs

A

It is internalised and transported to the soma via retrograde transport

249
Q

What does homeobox DNA encode

A

A 60 AA DNA binding protein - homeodomain

250
Q

Descitibe the lamella

A

F actin is bundled into a net

251
Q

What are Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 required for

A

To specity rhombomeres 4 and 5

252
Q

What is the morphogen secreted by the stucture at the ventral midline of the nerural tube

A

Sonic hedgehog

253
Q

P1 gives rise to

A

EMS and P2

254
Q

Name the earliest source of axon guidance cues

A

Pioneer axons - form an axon scaffold on which later axons are able to project

255
Q

Neuroblasts are

A

Dividing progenitors

256
Q

Layer two of the retina

A

Bipollar neurones

257
Q

How are folate receptors involved in spinofifida

A

Folate receptors differentially expressed on the apical edge – folate binding causes constriciton – spinobifida linked to a decrease in folic acid

258
Q

What are neurotrophins

A

Trophic factors for neurones

259
Q

What is the main nerve in dropshila

A

Ventral nerve cord

260
Q

Discuss the influence of laminin concentration on axon growth

A

Laminin concentration has no effect on the direction of growth although growth only occurs within a particular range on laminin concentrations

261
Q

Where does neural plate induction occur

A

Where BMP signalling has become inhibited

262
Q

What does SOG stand for

A

Short gastrulation

263
Q

When does neural crest formation occur

A

During neuralation

264
Q

Without Shh bound what is the function of patched

A

To inhibit smoothened

265
Q

The expression of which two TFS involved in detla-notvh leads to the downregualtion of achaete and scute

A

Enhancer of split and suppressor of hairless

266
Q

What experiment can be used to for evidence of Shh – what were the reuslts

A

Bead soaked in purified Shh is able to mimic the notochord - induces secondary FP and ventral motor neurones with bilateral symmetry

267
Q

What do GMCs form

A

Neurones and glia

268
Q

What occurs if NGF is only present in the central chamber

A

Cell bodies survive but axons die and retract

269
Q

On the ventral side (insects and worms)

A

Cell fate takes a nerual cell fate and Sog prevents dpp from binding to its receptor - this forms a NEUROGENIC REGION ON THE VENTRAL SIDE

270
Q

Describe the distribution of Smad 7 and 1 ventrally

A

BMP signalling ==> high SMAD1 and low SMAD7

271
Q

What is meant by delamination

A

In C.elegans the neural cells migrate into the blastoderm from the surface ectoderm

272
Q

What to growth cones require to grow on

A

Permissive ubstrates

273
Q

Which gene network dictates dorsal and ventral sides of the body in insects and worms and are responsible for the developing neural regions

A

Dpp-SOG network

274
Q

What two unusual phenotypes are seen in genetic screens in drosophila that exhibit problems with the neurones of the ventral nerve cord

A

Roundabout mutants - no longitudinal neurones becasuse of robo mutation and commissureless mutants - show no neurones crosseing the midline due to a mutation in comm

275
Q

What 3 molecules secreted by Speman organiser, what does this cause

A

Chordin noggin and follistatin inhibits BMPs signalling inducing a neural cell fate

276
Q

T or F early in development only a single axon innervates a muscle fibre and this is maintained despite increasing numbers of neurones throughout the course of development

A

F - initially many neurones innverate this decreases to a single later in dev

277
Q

Recall the inhibitory molecules released by the floor plate that contribute to the guiding of commissural releay neurones after they have corss the midline of the spinal cord

A

Semaphorins and slits

278
Q

What is the low affinity receptor for NGF

A

P75-NTR

279
Q

What is te vert homologue of Screw

A

BMP7

280
Q

Describe B-NGF

A

Is a dimer and the active component of NGF so works alone

281
Q

What is the name of the vertebrate homologue of dpp

A

BMP4

282
Q

What can be said about the GliA GliR balance with Shh bound

A

More GliA than GliR

283
Q

Explain interkinetic nuclear migration

A

During G1 and S phase the cell bodt is at the mantle but during M phase and cytokinesis the lateral attachement to the plial surface to the plial surface is lost and then reforms

284
Q

What would be seen if development was halted at the instant the prechordal mesoderm has just involuted

A

Can see neural plate expresses markers that are later confined to the forebrain - early neural plate is anterior in character

285
Q

Where in the early stages of development are most of the synaptic connections made

A

Soma

286
Q

What class of molecules released from the organiser induce neural plate formation

A

BMP antagonists

287
Q

What is the invert homologue of Chordin

A

Short gastrulation (SOG)

288
Q

What structures does the nerual plate border give rise to

A

Peripheral nervous system and the roof plate cells

289
Q

What happens when a growth cone comes into contact with an attractive cue

A

F-actin treadmillings slows down and F actin begins to accumulate which stabilises the filopodia. A molecular clutch engages the extension over the substrate and an actin-tubulin link pulls the microtubules into the wake of the extedning filopodium

290
Q

Where do neural cells form

A

Where Dpp is inhibited by SOG

291
Q

What reg water flow in sponges

A

Myocytes

292
Q

What does fasciciulation involve

A

Homophilic binding by cell adhesion molecules

293
Q

T or F - Water enters the sponge through the soculum, flows through the organsism controlled by flagella and the leaves through the body wall

A

False - water enters through the body and leaves through the osculum

294
Q

What does the Ra gdt induce

A

Different patterns of hox transcript

295
Q

What cell gives rise to the germ line

A

P4

296
Q

Early neuroepithelial cells dif

A

Symm

297
Q

Main advanatage of C.elegans

A

Entire NS mapper

298
Q

Give some examples of the multiple dysmorphology seen in Shh k/os

A

No vent of the neural tibe, holoprosencephaly, cyclopia, abnormal limbs/digits and lack of a pituitary gland

299
Q

What is seen in Comm mutatns

A

Robo protein is expressed in all cells that would normally but which now project their axons longitudinal

300
Q

Inhibitiory guidance cues can be either

A

Membrane bound or secretory

301
Q

T or F pioneer axons establish an axons scaffold on which follower axons later project

A

T

302
Q

What is dorsal character achieved through

A

Shh repression

303
Q

Name three other familes of survival factors ther than neurotrophins

A

Cytokines, glialderived growth factors and testosteron

304
Q

What two components occur the allow the filopodium to extend

A

Actin-myosin based actin tubulin link pulls microtubles into the wake of extending filopodia —- Two molecular clutch engages to slow rearward actin treadmilling

305
Q

5 charactreristics of a worm

A

Gangliation, cephalisation, bilat symm, fasiculation, and comissures

306
Q

What is the hierarchy of the visual system anatomy

A

Object - lens - retina - tectum

307
Q

What two types of cells do neuroepithelium in the ventricular zone give rise to

A

Neurones that move laterally, radial glia retained at the VZ and these extend lateral projections to the plial surface

308
Q

In a sponge what does the water flow out through

A

Osculum

309
Q

What are the effects of FassII overexpression of defasciculation

A

Motor axons fail to defasiculate (get offf the scafofld) so they miss their targets

310
Q

In vert - k/o of Robo1 leads to a phenotype similar to which other k/o

A

Netrin -/-

311
Q

Do segmented and non segmented worms show cephalisation

A

Yes

312
Q

Where would the GliR gdt be at its highest

A

Dorsally - where Shh gradient is lowest

313
Q

The neural crest is sometimes referred to as the 4th germ layer … names some of the cell types it differentiates into

A

PNS cells, adrenaline producing cells of the adrenal gland, pigment containing cells and skeletal and connective tissue of the head

314
Q

Notch-delta what Is the receptor

A

Notch

315
Q

What is the clustering of neurones around the pharynx called

A

Suprapharyngeal ganglia

316
Q

What was proposed in 1948 by Becker

A

Fast growing muscle cells may secrete survival factors

317
Q

Which gene product in this lateral inhibitior pathway acts as the inhibitory signal and directs cells to their primary fate

A

Delta notch signalling pathway

318
Q

What does Shh govern

A

Ventralisation along the whole rostro-caudal axis

319
Q

What does TrkA affect

A

Differentiation, growth and movement

320
Q

What expeirment was used to analyse NGF function

A

Capenot chamber with NGF in all chambers vs NGF in only the central chamber

321
Q

What two methods can be used to visualise the 3 germ layers

A

In situ hybridisation or AB stain

322
Q

Define cephalisation//how does it help

A

Emergence of differences between the head and tail end // allows for more complex neurones around the mouth - useful for fedding

323
Q

What do HOX genes specifty

A

A region of the AP axis

324
Q

What can be said about the organiser as it self-differentiates with regards to its position

A

It involutes and extends underneath the induced neural plate

325
Q

Where is one place cues can be found

A

On other axons - i.e. one making a turn when it encounters another axon

326
Q

Explain Sperrys chemoaffinity hypothesis

A

Neurones undergo directed and specific outgrow through axons following individual identificaiton tgas

327
Q

When two neurones fire at the same time what occurs to the connection

A

Becomes stronger

328
Q

Two basic properites of a NS

A

Receptive and responsive

329
Q

Upreg of BMPs and WNTs causes expression of what TFs

A

PAX 3 / 6 / 7…….. LIM1

330
Q

During neuralation what happens to the mediolateral axis

A

Becomes the dorsoventral axis

331
Q

What is the high affinity NGF receptor

A

TRKA

332
Q

What type of axon is guided by the floor plate

A

Commissural sensory relay neurones

333
Q

How do we overcome the problem of having 20’000 genes yet 10^14 connections to make

A

Genes must be usd in combination

334
Q

What determines where the 3 germ layers form

A

Early on gravity causes separation of various cytoplasmic components

335
Q

What happens to radial glia nuceli in M

A

Nucleus at the VZ and attachement to mantle lost

336
Q

The organiser secretes BMP antagonists what transcription factor controlls this

A

GSC

337
Q

What inhib guidance cue family are responsible for the collapse of differening growth cones

A

Semaphorins

338
Q

Why must the image be flipped in the tectum

A

Flipped once from the lens to the retina so must be flipped back

339
Q

What is the invertrbate homologue of BMP7

A

Screw

340
Q

6 cell movments during embryogenesis

A

Invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, epiboly and convergent extension

341
Q

What do the radial glia nuclei go through

A

Interkinetic migration

342
Q

How many Drosophila larval stages

A

3

343
Q

Give some examples of posteriorising signals

A

Wnt, FGF and retinoic acid

344
Q

What subunits of NGF are involved with storage

A

Alpha and gamma

345
Q

Can growth cones turn

A

No they reoragnaise

346
Q

What is the name of the first discovered neurotrophin

A

Nerve growth factor

347
Q

What is seen from a in-situ hybrid of Shh mRNA

A

Initially expressed by the notochord … then expressed by the floor plate cells

348
Q

What happens for Ti1 –> Cx1 if last signpost ablated

A

Growth cone stalls and doesn’t make the last medial tuns

349
Q

What is the result of Shh signalling in progenitor cells

A

Induces the expression of TFs that confer ventral nerural tube identitites and ultimately result in the differentiation of those cells into ventral neurones

350
Q

Contact between two neurones of different timp leads to

A

Collapse of the growth cone

351
Q

Where are WNTS and FGFS expressed (NPB)

A

Preaxial mesoderm and the non-nerual ectoderm

352
Q

How do radial glia divide

A

Asymmetrically

353
Q

T or F All animals requires NTs at some point in development

A

F - drosophila and C.elegans don’t

354
Q

What occurs on the the dorsal side in insects and worms

A

DPP, Tld, Tsg, CV-2 expression, no inhib of DPP, cells take epidermal fate

355
Q

Does the regrowth of nasal retinal axons to the correct tectal location (posterior) show that axons are guided by specific cues during development

A

No - because axons growing over exisiting debris during a regeneration - cant be assumed to be the case in development as well

356
Q

What is found in the outer layer of the optic cup

A

RPE –> produces melanin

357
Q

Where is BMP4/7 expessed

A

Ventrally

358
Q

Expression of NeuroD commits cells to

A

Neural cell fate

359
Q

What are the names of proneural genes being expressed in the proneural cluster and are also needed for the expression of delta

A

Archatete, scute

360
Q

Neurogenic regions in Xenopus is

A

Next to the skin

361
Q

What is seen when commissural sensory relay neurones have crossed the midline in the spinal cord

A

Crossed –> they turn because they lose senstivety to chemoattractive netrins but gain sens to chemorepulsive molecules released by the floor plate

362
Q

Pax3 and Zic 1 are known as

A

Intrinsic transcription factores

363
Q

What is seen on the apical side of cells of the neural plate

A

Bands on F-actin

364
Q

What Is the effect of removal of a chick limb bud on the development of the nervous system

A

Removal of a limb bund = fewer MN and synapses in the regions where the limb bud was removed … this is due to higher levels of cell death

365
Q

To which cells do the climbing fibres of the cerebellum project to

A

Purkinje neurones

366
Q

Recall some of the of the BMP antagonists expressed in the dorsal side of the Xenopus embryo

A

Noggin, Chordin and Cb

367
Q

T or F are differnet combinations of neurotrophins required for the survival of different neurones

A

T

368
Q

Neural crest cells can be thought of as the

A

4th germ layer

369
Q

How many layers of the optic cup

A

2

370
Q

What is seen as a result of FasII overepxression

A

Novel/overfasciculatio

371
Q

What is the name given to cells that control water flow in sponges

A

Myocytes

372
Q

What are the two types of neurones seen in the ventral nerve cord of drosophila

A

Commissural and longitudinal

373
Q

Notch delta what is the ligand

A

Delta

374
Q

How are different domains of the hind brain determined

A

Specific hox gene signitiutre

375
Q

In the devleoping drosophila ventral nerve cord you can oserve commissural and longitudinal neurones, what factor is being secreted by midline glia cells

A

Netrins

376
Q

What does explou2, soxD exp lead to

A

Exp of neurogenin

377
Q

Recall Sperrys 1963 experiment

A

Cut the optic nerve and removed temporal retina allowing only nasal axons to grow back

378
Q

How is asymmetrical division achieve

A

But polarisation of cytoplasmic determinants

379
Q

What happens if comm expression is force in all the neurons in the ventral nerve cord of the dropsophila

A

Robo protein expression is lost everywhere resulting in the Robo mutant phenotype

380
Q

What was seen in the Speman mangold organiser graft

A

Secondary neural tube - host derived SHOWS… whilst axial mesoder were donor derived SHOWS…

381
Q

In worms and insects, neural precursors induced in one part of the body migrate inwards from the surface later in development - what is this process called

A

Delamination

382
Q

An antibody stain of Shh reveals …

A

Shh expressed in a gradient and acts as a morphogen

383
Q

What happens if part of the subplate ablated before axons extend

A

LGN innervation fails in the ablated region

384
Q

P3 gives rise to

A

D and P4

385
Q

Where does the Hensons node form

A

Tip of the primitive streak

386
Q

What tissue is the neuronal cells in hydra derived from

A

Skin ectoderm

387
Q

Where are SOG and SCREW expressed

A

Ventrally

388
Q

What are rproneural clusters

A

Clusters of cells which have proneural genes activated so are competent to become neurones

389
Q

3 antagonists of the BMP pathway

A

Chordin noggin and follistatin

390
Q

The nerves in Hydra are distriubyted in a

A

Nerve net

391
Q

P2 gives rise to

A

C and P3

392
Q

Does the neural tube form under the influence of BMP

A

No - forms under the influence of BMP antagonists

393
Q

Describe myocytes

A

Spec muscle cells which respond to strech

394
Q

T or F : Although growth cones adhere better to collagen than laminin, they grow more on laminin

A

T

395
Q

Layer one of on the retina (closest to RPE)

A

Rods and cones

396
Q

What does arrival of the neurone at the target often coinside with

A

New expresison of a neurotrphin by the target

397
Q

Define neurotropic

A

A factor that dictates direciton of neuronal growth

398
Q

Describe the major features of the adult Drosophila nervous system

A

Bristle socket - consist of a sensory hair cell,a socket cell, a sheath cell and a sensory neurone

399
Q

BMPS and WNTS released by the roof plate cells diffuse into dorsal neural tube and induce expression of which set of transcription facotrs

A

Pax6, 7, 3 and Lim1

400
Q

What are neural precurssors

A

Cells that are able to give rise to any neuronal derievd cell

401
Q

What sits under the posterior neural plate

A

Notochord

402
Q

Where did becker purify the factor from

A

Snake venom and mouse submaxillary gland

403
Q

What was seen when the optic nerve was cut and temporal retina ablated

A

Nasal axons grew back in the right place to the posterior and ignored area occupied usually by temporal

404
Q

Describe the treadmilling of F-actin when an attractive cue is encountered

A

Treadmilling of F-actin and F-actin accumulates

405
Q

What happens to the remaining neural plate border cells

A

Don’t migrate and form roof plate cells expressing BMP and Wnt morphogens in dorsal half of the embryo

406
Q

What is the nerualplate border

A

Region between the neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm

407
Q

What are two experiments that could be used to prove a moleucle is a neural induced

A

Overexp in ectopic site induces a secondary axis to form – inhibition of activtiy (k/o or antag) should prevent formation of an axis

408
Q

How do neuroepithelial cells divide

A

Symmetrically generating two identical daughters

409
Q

What does P75-NtR promote

A

Cell death or survival

410
Q

T or F : Growth cones can be kept out of where they arent supposed to grow by contact repulsive factors

A

T

411
Q

Describe the filopodium

A

Polarised F actin able to form larger bundles

412
Q

Where do sub-plate neurones usually project prior to innervation of cortex by LGN

A

Cortex–> thalamus

413
Q

What are the three other main neurotrophins that have been found

A

Brain derived neruotrophic facotr (BDNF) NT3 and NT4/5

414
Q

What do the daughters of the radial glia cells become

A

One remains as a rdail glia (stem) cell, the other differentiates into a neurone and migrates laterally along the projection of the radial glia

415
Q

How many HOX clusters in humans

A

Four

416
Q

What does the accumulation of F actin cause

A

Stab of the filopodia dragging microtubules into the back of the filopodium

417
Q

When a growth promoting cue is encountered two key components lead to filopodal extension, what are they

A

A molecular clutch engages and rearward actin treadmilling slows. Next the actin-tubulin link pulls the microtubules into the extedning filopodium

418
Q

What is the homologue of Chordin

A

SOG

419
Q

What transcription factors upregulated by NBP and Wnt cause proliferation and multipotency and characterise the neural crest cells

A

C-Myc Id and Snail

420
Q

What is expressed at the posterior NP

A

WNT and BMP antganosists

421
Q

Explain how we can see the decreasing innervation in skeletal muscle throughout development

A

Gradually increase stimulation of the afferents innervatiing a target muscle and record the post synaptic poteneint until max response reached. Rep throughout dev and a dec in max response will be seen indicating a decrease in innervation by the afferents

422
Q

Define neurotrophich

A

A factor that promotes/feeds neurones

423
Q

T or F Permissive and non-permissve factors can tell a growth cone which direction to grow in

A

F - They provide directional information

424
Q

What vesicles form the midbrain

A

Mes

425
Q

T or F: BMPS from the surface ectoderm/roof plate act as local morphogens to pattern other parts of the dorsal spinal cord

A

False! They induce expression in cells of the roof plate in the dorsal spinal cord

426
Q

ON the dorsal side (insects and worms)

A

No inhibtion of the dpp pathway (antagonists not ecpressed) so cells take an epidermal cell fate

427
Q

What occurs if NGF is present in all of the chambers

A

Cell is OK

428
Q

What is the name to the equivilant organiser structure found in Gallus gallus embryo

A

Hensons node

429
Q

What is the effect of sox9

A

Causes expression of Snail which inhibits cells death and promotes cell survival

430
Q

What are the characterisitcs of the Vert NS

A

All have common body plan : Early NS similar across families, devlops on the dorsal side from the neural plate

431
Q

What converts electrical activity into neuronal survival

A

More active a synapse the more NT it takes up so more likely it is to survive

432
Q

Where is DPP expressed

A

Dorsally

433
Q

What is the secondary fate of cells in the proneural cluster

A

Epidermis

434
Q

At the nerual plate border what signals does MSX1 work with to turn on other TFs

A

WNTS and FGFs

435
Q

Can neurones synth NTs or is it just the targets

A

T

436
Q

T or F - Comm is a transcriptional regulatory protein

A

F - commissureless is a post transcriptional control protein

437
Q

Low levels of nodal give

A

Ventral mesoderm

438
Q

FP cells cause

A

Neurones to develop with bilateral symetry

439
Q

What name of synapses that discovered the first neurotrophin

A

Hamburger and Monalcine

440
Q

What cell do most of the neurones in the nematod worms derive from

A

AB cells

441
Q

What is the Louis Wolpert positional information model also known as

A

French flag model

442
Q

What happens when delta binds to notch

A

Suppressor of hairless leads to enhancer of split proteins which inhibits achatete scute proteins (so less delta made)

443
Q

What does HOX stand for

A

Homeobox containing genes (Hox)

444
Q

What is the name of a group of cells that have equal potential

A

Equvivlance group

445
Q

What happens to radial glia nuclei in G1 –> S

A

Nucleus can be seen moving away from the ventricular zone

446
Q

3 examples of cells in the dorsal neural tube with dorsal identities

A

RP, neural crst, dorsal sensory internueones D1-3

447
Q

What is the effect of BMP4/Dpp

A

Expression on NON neural homeobox genes

448
Q

What is the primary determinant of neuroaly/synaptic surival

A

Electrical activity post pre and post synaptically

449
Q

What does low SMAD1 high SMAD 7 lead to

A

Exp of Xlpou2, soxD and other neuralising transcription factors

450
Q

Where are MBMPS secreted from

A

Roof plate

451
Q

what evidence is there to suggest there are growth cones located on axons

A

Expt in grasshopper embryo - ablation of 1 of 5 neurones results in change in projection of another axon in the nerve tract this is not seen in ablation of the other neurones proves that cue on the originally ablated neurone influences the guidance of the other neurone

452
Q

How does the Shh gradient form a cartesian grid of information

A

Intersects the AP HOX gradient

453
Q

What is the vert homologue of DPP

A

BMP4

454
Q

What three types of cells differentiate dorsally

A

Roof plate cells neural crest and dorsal sensory neurones

455
Q

Does the NS in Hydra allow them to detect the soruce of a stimulus

A

No - they cant detect the source

456
Q

T or F there is no comm homologue in vertebrates but there are 3 robo homologues

A

T

457
Q

What type of signalling is involved in the extension and posteririosation of the NP

A

RA signalling

458
Q

T/F cells inhibted by BMP antagonists will go onto inudced formation of the neural plate

A

True

459
Q

What can chemorepellants induce

A

Collapse of the growth cone

460
Q

Neural crest cells are capable of giving rise to which cells

A

Neurones and glia

461
Q

What vesicles form the hidng brain

A

Met myelen

462
Q

What is water flow in a sponge regulated by

A

Myocytes

463
Q

T or F Semaphorins are permissive factors

A

F - non permissive

464
Q

What is the name of the strucutre in the Xenopus embryo that express transcription factors that lead to the expression of BMP antagonists in the dorsal side of the embryo

A

Spemanns Organiser

465
Q

True or False: The early border begins to epxress msx which acts with Wnt and FGF to turn on transcription factors Pax3, Zic1 and Pax7

A

True

466
Q

Ectoderm and RP become

A

Dorsal

467
Q

What occurs to the nerual crest cells to form the DRG

A

At posterior of sominte they are forced into the anterior by pissoffin which forms the bipolar neurones of the DRG

468
Q

What is the role of robo

A

Cell surface receptor for the inhibitory proteisn slit

469
Q

What is the name of the border that forms at the neural/ectoderm border

A

Neural plate border

470
Q

Which of the two strucutres formed by the organiser is located most anteriorly and which is most posteiror

A

Notochord - posterior and prechordal mesoderm is anterior

471
Q

Where in the neural tube is Shh expressed

A

Notochord and the FP

472
Q

What superfamily are BMPs a member of

A

TGF-B

473
Q

What are two features of a molecule is a neural inducer

A

Expressed in the organiser – must be secreted and act on adjacent cells

474
Q

What do the ABA and ABP cells form

A

Hypodermis and the nervous system

475
Q

What cell types do the nerual plate border cells form

A

Neural crest cells

476
Q

In flatworms what is the suprapharyngeal ganglia intimately associated with

A

Mouth

477
Q

What cells types can cells in the inner layer of the optic cup diff. into

A

Diverse ganglion cells, internuerones and light sensitive photoreceptive cells

478
Q

What subunits is NGF

A

2 a 1 b 2 gamma

479
Q

What is the other name for contact repellent substreate

A

Non permisive substrates

480
Q

Define bilateral symmetry // what does it allow

A

Symmetry around the AP aixs - movement

481
Q

What was the adult female Xenopus used for

A

Pregnancy test –> exposed to high progestoerone levels (as in preg womens urine) caused ovulation

482
Q

How many primary brain vesciles

A

3 Pro Mes Rhomb

483
Q

What is secreted by the notochord and then the FP

A

Shh

484
Q

Sponge water out through

A

Osculum

485
Q

After gastrulation all of the the regions of axial mesoderm will continue to make BMP and Wnt inhibitors

A

False - only the bits of axial mesoderm that involuted first will make BMP and Wnt inhibitors

486
Q

What was proposed by Cajal about the growth cone

A

Growing tip of axon able to sense guidance cues

487
Q

What phenomena does the growth cone exhibit that adds the number of different connections it can make without increaseing the number of genes

A

Changes in sens to different molecules

488
Q

T or F commissureless is expressed before and after crossing the midline

A

F - only before

489
Q

Why is the C.elegans a useful model system

A

Entire NS mapped

490
Q

Describe the nervous system seen in flatworms

A

Two nerve cords, one on each side of the body, gangliation,cephalisation and faciulisation seen at the anteiror/rostral end // Commissures allow coordeination of both of the sides of the body

491
Q

What two genes are turned on at the neural plate border ONE by WNT and FGF TWO by FGF

A

1) Pax3 2) Zic1 (only FGF)

492
Q

What is the name of the non-permissve factor found on the cell surface and its receptor that are used early in patternirnig as well as later to guide axons and show reciprocal expression in the mammalian embryo

A

Ephrins and ephs

493
Q

T or F Axons can use non-permissive factors alone to gorw and reach the target cell

A

F- they rely on a balance with permissive as well

494
Q

Where is the [SHH] highest

A

Ventral neural tube

495
Q

What was seen when T7-LS3 was cut out and reversed

A

Normal innervation, motor axons still find their way to targets, suggest axons can navigate

496
Q

What is the homologue of Tolloid

A

BMP1

497
Q

What signals are upreg by the RP cells

A

BMPS and WNTS

498
Q

Neurogenic expression leads to

A

NeuroD exp

499
Q

What is meant by the activation-transformation model

A

Neural inducing molecules initially released from early organiser cells induce and maitain the anterior/forebrain tissue. These molecules are only maintained in the prechord tissue once the organiser has differentiated. Other signals thus transform some of the prechord tissue into a more posteiror fate

500
Q

What is seen upon addition of a limb bud

A

More DRG and motor neurones

BMS249 Dev Neurobiology (16 decks)

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