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Year 1 MCD > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

dimer

A

molecule, which consists of tow identical subunits (monomers)

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2
Q

Fibril-associated collagens

A

Collagens (eg. IX, XII) that attach to fibril collagens –> important for organization of collagen

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3
Q

Nework-forming Collagen

A

IV –> forms network, present in all basement membranes

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4
Q

Elastic fibres components

A

Elastin (core Protein) + Microfibrils (rich in Fibrilin) –> Mutation = Marfans syndrome

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5
Q

Extracellular Matrix (Definition)

A

Network of proteins and carnohydrates filling up space between cells + fluids

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6
Q

Extracellular Matrix (Functions)

A

Physical support Influences growth Tissue and organ adhesion and differentiation –> Determines Property of tissue

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7
Q

Relationship between EM and Connective Tissues

A

Connective Tissues are extremely rich in EM connective tissues contain

  • collagens
  • multi-adhesive glycoproteins
  • proteoglycans (all EM)

together with a cellular component

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8
Q

List Examples of Human Disorders derived from ECM pathology

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Collagen Type 1)

Marfan´s Syndrome (fibirilin)

Scurvy (Collagen. –> Vitamin C)

Ehler’s Danos Syndrome –> Fibrillar Collagen

Congential Muscular dystrophy (Laminin)

Epidermolysis Bullosa ( Multi-adhesive-glycoproteins)

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9
Q

Major Components of ECM

A

Collagens

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

Protepglycans

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10
Q

Collagens (Biosynthesis and post translational modifications (functional + structural))

A

Biosynthesis: Synthesis of pro-alpha chain

Hydroxylation of distinctive Lysines and Prolines

Glycosylation of selective Hydroxylysines –>Procollagen

triple Helix Cleavage of propeptides (–> for fibrillar collagen, N+C terminal ejected –> Fibrins: Crosslinks)

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11
Q

Collagens Function

A

To resist tension

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12
Q

Collagen Assembly

A

single alpha chain

triple alpha helix

collagen fibril

Collagen fibre

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13
Q

Elastic fibres Composition

A

Core Protein: Elastin (hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas, form crosslinks) Surrounded by Microfibrils (–> Fibrilin) Often combines with collagen to limit elasticity –> Mutation in Fibrilin e.g. Marfan’s syndrome

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14
Q

Elastic fibres Funktion

A

to make things Elastic–> When stretching densely packed proteins stretch out, stay linked at some points

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15
Q

Basement Membrane (Definition and Function)

A

Basal Laminae Specialised Extracellular Matrix, underly Epithelials cells and tubes, surround muscles –> separation

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16
Q

Major Components of Basement Membrane

A

Collagen IV –> Forming big network –> Stabilization Laminin –> Special muti-adhesice glykoprotein –> three chins forming large cross shaped molecule, multi adhesive, Mutation : Epidermolysis Bullosa, Congential Musculat distrophy –> joining everything together Perlecan (Proteoglycans) –> Core protein with glycosaminoglycan chains) –> cross-links many extracellular matrix (ECM) components and cell-surface molecules

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17
Q

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

A

Big molecules, bind to cell surface receptors and other EM components –> Link everything e.g. Laminin and Fibronectin (link of actin skeleton and Collagen)

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18
Q

Proteoglycans

A

core Protein chain with other glycosaminioglycan (was GAG) chains attached

–> Highly negatively charged e.g. stabilization due tue attraction of NA+ and Water –> buffer

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19
Q

Name three parts of Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments

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20
Q

Microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin

25nm

major component of cilia and flagella

tracks for movement of organells within the cell

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21
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

different, characteristic for different cell types rope like filaments 10-15 nm mecanical strength, involved in cell-cell junctions

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22
Q

Microfilaments

A

Determine cell shape and cell movement

actin 5-9nm

Interact with adhesion belts and other plasma membrane proteins

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23
Q

List main cell type group

A

Connective tissue cells (bone, cartilage) Contractile tissue cells (muscle) Haematopoietic cells (blood cells) Neural (Nerves) Epithelia cells (Skin, surface)

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24
Q

Tissue Definition

A

group of cells wich type organization and architecture is integral to its function –> Include Cells EM, Fluid

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25
Q

Malignant Connective tissue cells, contractile tissue cells

A

Sarcoma

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26
Q

Malignant Haematopoetic cells

A

Leukemia (bone marrow) Lymphomas (Lymphocytes)

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27
Q

Malignant Neural Cells

A

Neuroblastom (neuron) Glioma (Glia)

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28
Q

Malignant Epithelia Cells

A

Carcinoma

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29
Q

Classification of epithelia (shape vs. stratification)

A

Shape:

Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (aprox. cube) Columnar (long)

Layering:

Simple(single layer), stratified (Multiple layers), pseudeo-stratified (looks stratified, but all surface cells are attached to basal)

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30
Q

Epithelial Functions

A
  • Transport - Absorption - Sekretion - Protection
31
Q

Transporitng Epithelial Cells

A

Large surface

ion transporters in Membrane

Many Mitochondrias (at basal)

32
Q

Absorbtive Epithelia

A

Large surface (Microvilli)

33
Q

Secretory Epithelia

A

Extentive rough ER + Golgi

Secretoriy ganules in apal (exocrine)

Secretory granules in basal (exocrine)

34
Q

Protective epithelia

A

usually stratified squamous

  1. Kreatinising–> dry, dead cells at surface
  2. Non.Kreatinising –> wet, cells are alive, nuclei visible
35
Q

List differnet morphologies of neurons

A

Unipolar –> rare, one axon projection

Pseudo-unipolar –> one axom projection, spliting of this one end

Bipolar –> two projections

Multipolar –> multiple projections

36
Q

Cell Body of Neurons

A

Soma

Perikaryon

–> Nucleus and Neurofilaments

37
Q

Axon Hügel

A

Axon hillock

38
Q

Astrocytes

A

Cell type in CNS

  • Structure
  • Cell repair
  • can respond to immune
  • uptake and release of ions and neurotranmitters
39
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Myelin in CNS

One cell Several projectinos, several Axon segments

40
Q

Schwann cell

A

Myelin in PNS

One cell one axon segment

41
Q

Microglial cell

A

Immune response in CNS, similar to macrophages

42
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Epithelia cell in CNS

Fluid production and controll

43
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Ap “jumps” over Axon

44
Q

Ranviersche Schnütung

A

Nodes of Ranvier

45
Q

Antagonist Muscles

A

Muscels in Pairs:

Flexon (contracts) and Extensor

46
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Lenght of Muscle changes

(concentric and eccentric)

47
Q

Concentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle shortens

48
Q

Eccentric muscle contraction

A

lengthering

49
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

Tension develops, no chnage in length

50
Q

Skeletal Muscle composition

A
  • Bundles (Myofibres)

–> fused lon cylindric cells, multinuclei

Contain Myofibrils

–> Straited appearence (dark and bright)

–> Smalest functional unit: Sarcomere

51
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest functinoal unit

  • Z-lines

Myosin and Myosin Heads

Actin

Titin –> hoald Myosin in place

Tropomyosin –> around actin

Nebulin

Tropomudolin

52
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):

A

extensive network of Ca2+-stores surrounding each myofibril

53
Q

T-tubules

A

Membrane shape that ensure contact to extracellular fluid (SR)

54
Q

Excitation in sceletal muscle

A
  • AP along membrane changes confirmation of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)
  • release of Calcium out of SR by activation of ryanodine receptors (RyR)

-

55
Q

ryanodine receptors (RyR)

A

Receptors on SR, activation by confirmation change in dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)

–> allow Ca2+ influx

56
Q

dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)

A

On Membrane in t-tubules –> confirmation change by AP–> activate RyR

57
Q

Contraction in Skeletal muscle

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin –> moves Tropomyosin on Actin

–> Myosin Heads can bind to Actin

  • Release of Bound ADP –> confirmation change: movement of Myosin Head –> power shift (pull Actin to centre)
  • ATP binds to Myosin Head, release of Pi-, moves Myosin head into previous position

–> repeat

58
Q

Difference of Exitement-Contraction coupling in heart and Skeletal muscle

A

Difference: Inducing the Contraction

Skeletal: AP causes confirmation change in DHPR

Heart AP causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) to open –>

Both causes change in RyR and contraction

Heart :Ca2+ Influx (Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR))

59
Q

Cardiac muscle structure and binding

A

Cardimyocytes

  • individual cells, connected through special regions (“intercalatated disks”) contatining many gap junctions
60
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Compelx:

Irregular arrangement of actin and myosin filaments

Contraction involves Ca2+, calmodulin& myosin light chain kinase

61
Q

Functions of cell signaling

A

Process information

Self - preservation

Voluntary movement

Homeostasis

62
Q

Endocrine cell signaling

A

Hormone travells through blood vessels to distant target cell

–> Glucagon/Insulin produced in pancreas travels to liver

Intercellular signaling

63
Q

Paracrine cell signaling

A

Cell signaling between adjacent cells

Insulin within Pancreas (inhibition of glucagon)

Intercellular signaling

64
Q

Autocrine cell signaling

A

Signals from one cells to itself

e.g. IL 2 on T-lymphocytes

Intercellular signaling

65
Q

Membrane attached protein signaling

A

Two cells bind to each other via receptors and transmit signals /information

APC and Lymphpcytes

Intercellular signaling

66
Q

Iontropic receptors

A

Intracellular signaling

Ligand binding to receptor –> conformation change

–> pore opens for ions

  • Nicotinic AChreceptor
  • GABAAreceptor
67
Q

Enzyme linked cell signaling (function and examples)

A

Ligand binding –> Clustering of Receptor –> acivation of enzyme in cytoplasmic domain

–> phosphoylation, changes binding affinity –> enzyme binds, further processing of information

Intracellular signaling

Insulin receptor –> glucose uptake

ErbBreceptor –>cell proliferation;

natriuretic peptides –> vasodilation

68
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Cytosolic (type 1) and Nuclear (type 2)

Ligand binding to receptor causes release of other associated, component

glucocorticoid receptors –> down regulate immune response

69
Q

Gprotein receptors (basic principle)

A

Ligand binds to membrane bound part of receptor –> confirmation change

G Protein (trimer + GDP) binds to receptor, excahnge of GDP to GTP, release of Galpha and GTP

Ga+GTP binding to target protein –> energy transfer –> dephosphorylation

Reunion of G alpha and Gbetagamma sumbunits

70
Q

Gs subunit (priciple + example)

A

Differnet G alpha subunit, stimmulation of adenylyl cyclase)

–> release of cAMP –> activation of protein kinase A (PKA)

e.g. ß1 adreneric receptors increasing heart rate

71
Q

Gi subunit (principle and example)

A

inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

–> reduces level of protein Kinase A (PKA)

e.g. M2- muscarinig receptor –> reduces heart rate

72
Q

Gq subunit (principle and example)

A

Break down of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

IP3 –> Ca2+ release

DAG –> activates PKC

important in smooth muscle contraction and vasodialation

e.g. AT-1 angiotensin receptor –> vasoconstriction

73
Q

Cell junctions: Zonulae

A

continuous belts e.g. tight junctions and adhesion belts

74
Q

maculae cell junctions

A

spot junctions, desmosomes

Year 1 MCD (10 decks)

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