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Year 1 MCD > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Forms of Bacteria

A

Coccus

Bacillus

Sprirlli

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2
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria (reason, examples)

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

One Cell membrane+ thick Cell wall –> peptidoglycans in Cell wall keep colour of gram stain

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3
Q

Gramm Negative

A
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4
Q

Gram Negative bacterias examples

A

E-coli

Salmonella

Shigella

Vibro cholerae

Neisseria

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5
Q

Which steps are required for bacterias to cause illness?

A
  1. Colonize
  2. Persist –> immune response, physical etc.
  3. Replicate –> nutrients required
  4. Spread
  5. Cause Disease –> Produce toxins, affect immune respone, induce diorhe
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6
Q

Extracellular Pathogens

A

predominanatly outside of cells

Staphylococcus

Strptococcus

Yersinia

Neisseria

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7
Q

Intracellular Pathogens

A

Mainly inside of cell

Can:

Escape in Cell (Listeria Shigella)

Prevent fusion with lysosomes (Salmonella, Mycrobacteria)

Fusion with lysosomes and formation of pagolysosome (Coxiella)

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8
Q

Horizontal Bacterial DNA exchange:

A

Transformation: DNA uptake of free DNA

Conjugation: Sharing of plasmid ring throuhg mating bridge

Transduction: uptake of bacterial DNA through Phage (Virus) and further spread

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9
Q

A Pathogenicity Island

A

DNA fragment that contributes to disease

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10
Q

Injectiosome

A

Action fragment that sticks out of bacteria, used to be injected in cells –> modification of Actin filament –> engulfment

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11
Q

Flagella

A

“Tail” of bacteria

Actin fillament

Used fo movement

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12
Q

Bacterial Infectivity

A

General stragegie which help to cause infection (–> direct effect on infectious dose)

Transmission

Colonization

Tropism Finding unique niche

Replication

Avoid immune defence of host

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13
Q

Bacterial Virulence

A

Ability to cause disease

  • production of toxins
  • Enzymes that influence host function
  • Interfere with host normal function
  • complete immune invastion
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14
Q

Infective dose

A

Number of bacteria which can cause disease (dependant on Infectivity)

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15
Q

Potential sources

A

Intrinsic (self infection)

Extrinsic (environment)

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16
Q

Possible routs of bacterial infections

A

Upper respiratory trackt –> Upper respiratory trackt infection, lower rewpiratory trackt infection, Spread to adjacent tissues (e.g. ear, brain,) –> Spread to bloodstram

Urogenital trackt –> Bloodstream and/or Pregnancy, Baby (genital)

Broken skin

Gastro-intestinal trackt

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17
Q

Neisseria

A

Gram negative

  • Meningititis (Neisseria meningitidis (Meningokokken)–> Tröpfcheninfetktionen

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ( cause Tripper) –> sexuell übertragbar

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18
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram negative

bacillus

Tröpfcheninfektion

Mainly symptoms in upper respiratory trackt

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19
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Gram negative

20
Q

Sources of bacterial infection

A

Intrinsc (any non-sterile site of body)

Extrinsic (outside world)

21
Q

Expected vs unexpected portals of entry

A

Expected: Harmless bacterial via expected route

Unexpected: Harmless via unexpected route or pathogenic bacteria via any route

22
Q

Possible routes of infection : Upper respiratory trackt + examples

A

Upper respiratory trackt –> adjacent tissue /lower respiratory trackt

Bloodstream

Mouth: e.g. streptococcus pyogenes –> Tonsilitis

Neisseria meningitidis –> Meningococcal septicemis

Upper respiratory: S. pneumonia/pneumonia

23
Q

Possible routes of infection: Urogenital trackt

A

Urinatry infection –> Bloodstream

Genital –>( pregnangy related) 1.GBS/neonatal meningitis).–> Bloodstream

24
Q

Possible routes of infection : broken skin

A

selbsterklärend

e.g. staph. A.

streptococcus pyogens

25
Q

Possible routes of infection: GI examples

A

Cholera

26
Q

Commensals

A

Bacterial that do not cause disease

27
Q

Infectivity

A

“Infectious dose” –> how much needed to cause disease

  • Transmission
  • Colonisation
  • Tropism– Find unique niche (in or outside cells)
  • Replication

Immune Evasion

28
Q

Virulence

A

Enhances disease causation:

Toxin Production, Enzyme secretion, interfere with normal host, immune supression

29
Q

Salmonella sp.

A

Gram negative

causes GI infection

30
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

GI infection

Gram -

rice water stool (NA and CL) ioons

31
Q

Shigella

A

Gramm -, rods

infection of epithelia in stomach –> diarreah

32
Q

Staph. A

A

Gram +

causes many infections

33
Q

Reason for high rates of HAI

A
  • many sick people at one place (spread + aquire easily)
  • use of antibiotics
34
Q

Antibiotic: Aminoglycosides

A

integrate wrong / not functinoal AA in proteins (target Ribosomes) –> membrane damage, proofreading

35
Q

Antibiotics: Rifampicin

A

targets RNA polymerase subunit

–> prevents transcription

36
Q

Antibiotics: Vancomycin

A

cell membrane synthesis

37
Q

Antibiotics: Linezalid

A

bind to 50S ribosomal Subunit, prevent protein synthesis

38
Q

Antibiotic: Daptomycin

A

Bacterial cell membrane

39
Q

Selective Toxycity

A

Antibiotics target many different bacterial processes

40
Q

Why resistance higher morbidity, mortality and cost

A

Longer time til effective treatment

additional treatments (e.g. surgery) required

new, expensive drugs

more toxic or less effective drugs

41
Q

Mechanisms of drug resistance

A
  1. change targeted site
  2. inactivation (e.g. enzymatic degradation)
  3. Alternative metabolic pathway (inhibited process not required, overexpression –> enough to survive)
  4. Decrease drug accumulation (don’t let drug in, pump it out)
42
Q

Nature of viruses

A

Intracellular, obligate pathogens

small (20-200nm)

genetic and structural diverse

43
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

enveoped by lipid of host cell membrane

can be any shape

44
Q

Capsid viruses

A

Non enveloped (protein capsule)

45
Q

Virus classification

A

Baltimore classification system:

Single, double stranded, positive negatvie sense (negative = complementary to DNA), RNA, DNA viruses etc.

–> way of genome replication within cell

46
Q
A

Year 1 MCD (10 decks)

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