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Biology of Human Life > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chemicals people have in their blood?

A

products from everyday life; metals, secondhand cigarette smoke,pesticides, etc.

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2
Q

Blood

A

a connective tissue. contains plasma, blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets.

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3
Q

Blood size people

A

adult women have an average of 4-5 liters of blood, men have more.

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4
Q

Plasma

A

fluid part of blood.

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5
Q

blood composition

A

55% of blood is plasma which is mostly water

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6
Q

Tasks plasma proteins performs

A
  • Albuminin maintains osmotic balance and moves chemicals
  • Other plasma proteins inlcude protein horomones and proteins that are involved in immunity, blood clotting, and the transport of lipids/vitamins.
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7
Q

Plasma contains…

A

ions, glucose, amino acids, glucose, amino acids signalling molecules, and dissolved gasses

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8
Q

Red Blood cells carry…

A

oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

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9
Q

Red Blood cells (Erythrocytes) are

A

bioconcave discs

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10
Q

Red blood cells contain..

A

hemoglobin (an iron containing protein that binds with oxygen and carry a small amount of CO2

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11
Q

Red blood cells originate..

A

from stem cells in the bone marrow

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12
Q

White blood cells perform..

A

defense and cleanup duties

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13
Q

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

A

make up a small part of whole blood and are in charge of houskeeping and defense. they also come from bone marrow

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14
Q

Two main types of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and Agranlocytes.

G cytes have stainable granules in the cytoplasm. they have nuetrophils, eosinphils, and basophils, they work in body defense activities.
A cytes have NO visible granules. monocytes become macrophages and lymphocytes become B cells, T cells , and natural killer cells

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15
Q

Platlets …

A

help clot blood, are fragments of megakaryocytes made by bone marrow stem cells. They live short lives, numerous, and function in blod clotting

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16
Q

How blood transports oxygen

A

Hemoglobin (the oxygen carrier). Only a small part of oxygen is dissolved in blood plasma. Majority of Oxygen is bound to heme groups of hemoglobin; hemoglobin with oxygen is called-oxyhemoglobin.

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17
Q

What determines how much oxygen hemoglobin can carry?

A

the amount changes as conditions in the tissues vary. binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is favored by conditions in the lungs: abundant oxygen, cooler temp, and nuetral ph. Release of oxygen is favored in the tissues where the oxygen level is lower temps are higher and ph is more acidic. hemoglobin moves small amount of co2

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18
Q

Hemoglobin molecule

A

has 4 polypeptide chains and each has a heme group containing an iron molecule each iron binds to an oxygen molecule

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19
Q

Horomonal control of red blood cell production

A

red blood cells form from stem cells and are located in red bone marrow. Erythroprotein- horomone from kidneys that is the stimulus for stem cell division. Mature red blood cells have no nuclei and live for 120 days. Macrophages remove old blood cells from blood stream, amino acids return to blood, iron returns to bone marrow, and heme groups convert to bilirubin. Red cell counts stay constant 5.4 mil for males and 4.8 mil for females

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20
Q

negative feedback loop…

A

stabilizes red blood cell count. kidneys monitor oxygen content of blood when its too low kidneys secrete erythropoetin. E-poetin stimulates bone marrow to make more red blood cells this increases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. as oxygen levels rise the info feeds back to the kidneys which stop secreting.

21
Q

Blood types

A

Genetically different red blood cells. All cells of the human body have surface proteins and other molecules that serve as “self” identification markers. antigen- any protein marker that prompts a defense action. The human body produces anibodies that recognize markers on foreign cells as “non slelf” and stimulate immune reactions.

22
Q

ABO group of blood types

A

include key self markers on red blood cells. based on glycoproteins surface markers on red blood cells. Type A=A markers; Type B= B markers. Type AB = both; Type O=neither. Depending on the blood type the body will also have antibodies to other bloodtypes; ABO blood typing is done to prevent incompatible blood types from being mixed.

23
Q

Mixing incompatible blood types

A

can cause clumping called agglutination. Type A blood types dont have antibodies against A markers but they do against B. Type B does not have antibodies for B markers but they do for A markers. Type a cannot donate to a type B. when mixed markers on the surface of red blood cells that dont match agglutination occours this is defense and the blood cells clump. Clumped cells can clog blood vessels, damage tissues, and cause death.

24
Q

RH blood typing

A

RH blood typing looks for Rh marker. prescence of (Rh+) or absense of (Rh-) of antigen on red blood cells . An Rh- peson transfused with a Rh+ blood will produce antibodies to the Rh marker.
An Rh- mother who has a Rh+ child can become sensitized to the Rh antigen; secondary children might be at risk from maternal antibodies. hemolytic disease of the newborn- too many cells are destroyed and the fetus can die. medical treatment (Rhogam) given to the mother after birth of the first Rh+ baby can inactivate the Rh antibodies.

25
Q

other blood cell markers

A

hundreds of diff blood markers are known. to avoid transfusion problems, blood undergoes cross matching to exclude incompatible blood types from being used.

26
Q

New Frontiers of Blood typing

A

Blood + DNA: investigating crimes and identifying mom Dad. Blood cell markers can be used to compare evidence from crime scenes to samples taken from suspects. Blood groups are decided by genes and can give a lot of info on someones genetic heritage. can also be used to determine a childs parents.
Even with screening, blood transfusions can still be incompatible or contaminated with infectious agents.

27
Q

Autologous transfusions

A

people predonate blood to themselves before surgery in case a transfusion is needed

28
Q

Blood substitutes

A

must avoid sparking an immune response. they have potential uses in situations where its not completely feasible to perfectly match blood. One substitute is oxygent - an oxygen carrier that reached its final stages of clinical trials.

29
Q

Homeostasis and blood clotting

A

Homeostasis is the process that stops bleeding to prevent excess of blood loss. Spasms of the smooth muscle in the damaged blood vessel stop blood flow for a few minutes by constriction of the vessel. Platelets clump to plug the rupture then release serotonin and other chemicals to prolong the spasm and attract more platelets. and the blood coagulates to form the clot. Homeostasis can only seal tears and punctures that are relatively small.

30
Q

Factors in blood

A

are one trigger for blood clotting. In the Intrinsic clotting mechanism, internal damage activates a plasma protein (factor “X”) that triggers the formation of thrombin. Thrombin acts on fibrinogen to form insoluble threads of fibrin that will entrap blood cells and platelets to form a clot.

31
Q

Factors from damaged tissue

A

can cause a clot to form. extrinsic clotting mechanism: blood clotting is triggered by release of substances outside the blood itself due to damage there; the pathway is similar to the intrinsic mechanism.

32
Q

Clots that …

A

form in unbroken vessels can be life threatning. A clot that forms where it stays is called thrombus and one that breaks free and moves is called an embolus. A stroke happens when an embolus blocks flow to some part of the brain. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder where clotting factors are absent from the blod so it doesnt clot properly. The formation of blod clot is the key to healing wounded skin.

33
Q

Blood disorders

A

Anemias happen when red blood cells deliver too little oxygen to the tissues

34
Q

Iron defeciency anemia

A

red cells contain too little hemoglobin

35
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

caused by deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12

36
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

caused by destruction of the red bone marrow and its stem cells

37
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

caused by pre mature destruction of red blood cells

38
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disease

39
Q

Malaria

A

is a major cause of hemolytic anemia and follows infection by a protozoan transmitted by mosquitoes

40
Q

Thalassemia

A

people produce abnormal hemoglobin

41
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

prevents hemoglobin from binding to an oxygen.

42
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

is a colorless odorless gas present in auto exhaust fumes and smoke from wood charcoal and Tabacco. CO binds to hemoglobin 200 times more tightly than oxygen thus blocking oxygen transport to tissues

43
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

caused by the Epstein-Barr virus which triggers overproduction of lymphocytes

44
Q

Leukemias

A

very serious cancers in which there is an overproduction of white blood cells and destruction of bone marrow ex: chronic mylegenous leukemia

45
Q

Other viral infections

A

HIV can also harm and destroy white blood cells.

46
Q

Toxins

A

can destroy blood cells or poison the blood in other ways

47
Q

Septicemia

A

can occour when bacteria releases toxins into the blood; ex: Staphylococcus aureus

48
Q

Toxemia

A

happens when metabolic poisons accumulate in the body; toxemia can occour if the kidneys dont adequately filter the blood and remove these poisons

Biology of Human Life (6 decks)

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