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Kin 155 Exercise Physiology > Lecture Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

exercise response of expired ventilation rate

A

increases with a breakaway at AnT

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2
Q

effects of submaximal/maximal training on tidal volume

A

higher/higher

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3
Q

effects of submax/max training on expired ventilation rate

A

lower/higher

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4
Q

effects of submax/max training on pulmonary diffusion capacity

A

higher/higher

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5
Q

effects of submax/max training on respiratory rate

A

lower/higher

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6
Q

effects of submax/max training on carbon dioxide production rate

A

lower/hiher

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7
Q

effects of submax/max training on oxygen uptake rate

A

slightly lower/higher

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8
Q

what does an increase in exercise intensity and workload lead to

A

increase in metabolism, CHO, decrease in fat

increase in FT, decrease in ST

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9
Q

what does an increase in metabolism, CHO and decrease in fat lead to

A

increase pyruvate to acetyl CoA

increase in Krebs cycle activity

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10
Q

what does an increase in pyruvate to acetyl CoA and Krebs cycle activity lead to

A

increase in CO2 production

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11
Q

responsibility of chemoreceptors

A

detect increase in CO2 and decrease in pH from lactate, which stimulate breakaway at anaerobic threshold

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12
Q

why do trained individuals have a lower tidal volume during submax exercise than untrained individuals

A

they have an increased ability for gas exchange with circulation
decreased sensitivity of chemoreceptors to respiratory stimulators

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13
Q

location of chemoreceptors

A

medulla oblongata
aortic arch
carotid bodies

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14
Q

what is the greather ability for gas exchange with circulation in trained individuals due to

A

greather capillarization
larger lung volumes
greater alveolar ventilation rate
greater blood volume and hemoglobin levels

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15
Q

calculation for inspired ventilation

A

VE = VT(depth) * F(frequency)

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16
Q

calculation for alveolar ventilation

A

VA = (VT(depth) - VD(dead space) * F(frequency)

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17
Q

partial pressure O2/CO2 in atmosphere

A

159/0.3

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18
Q

relation of partial pressure O2/CO2 as air moves through body

A

difference decrease

when air expired, more CO2 than O2

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19
Q

calculation of partial pressure O2

A

Pb(barometric pressure) * [O2]

barometric pressure * 20.93%

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20
Q

calculation of partial pressure CO2

A

Pb * [CO2]

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21
Q

Pb at sea leavel

A

760 mmHg

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22
Q

pulmonary diffusion

A

capillaries open around arounud alveoli -> increase in O2 diffusion

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23
Q

why does a trained person have a greate pulmonary diffusion capacity

A

more capillaries around alveoli
increase in size of alveoli
increase in blood volume and hemoblobin levels

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24
Q

what is the diffusion path affected by

A 
alveolar membrane
interstitial fluid
capillary membrane
plasma
RBCs
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25
Q

what does oxygen in blood depend on

A 
ventilation
pulmonary diffusion capacity, characteristics of diffusion pathway
diffusion gradient and diffusion time
altitude
charcteristics of blood
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26
Q

how is the biggest amount of oxygen transported through the body

A

carried by hemoglobin

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27
Q

oxygen extraction

A

arterial - venous oxygen difference

we do not extract all the oxygen available

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28
Q

how much hemoglobin is in 100ml of blood

A

15.4 gm

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29
Q

how much oxygen can 1 hemoblobin molecule carry

A

4 O2 molecules

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30
Q

how much O2 can one gram of hemoglobin carry

A

1.34 ml

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31
Q

why do females have a lower hemoglobin level

A

due to the menstrual cycle

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32
Q

what is responsible for the drop of Po2 and increase Pco2 when going from atmospheric air to in alveoli

A

dilution with residual gases in alveoli of lungs

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33
Q

Po2 and Pco2 in arterial and venous blood

A

arterial: 100/40
venous: 40/46

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34
Q

what causes a decrease in pulmonary diffusion capacity

A

smoking
not enough H2O drinking
membrane damages through diabetes
decrease in blood and RBC volume

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35
Q

what does hemoglobin consist of

A

4 heme groups attached to globin

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36
Q

what does the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve descrive

A

how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin for a given partial pressure of oxygen

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37
Q

realtionship between Po2 and hemoglobin saturation

A

the higher the partial pressure of oxgen is the greater the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
not linear, rather sigmoidal relationship

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38
Q

what causes sigmoidal relationship between Po2 and hemoglobin saturation

A

the allosteric nature of hemoglobin

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39
Q

what enhances oxygen availability

A

two-fold characteristic of hemoglobin

binding and release is cooperative

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40
Q

what does it mean when binding and release of oxygen from hemoglobin is cooperative

A

binding of oxygen to one heme enhances enahnces binding of oxygen to other heme - same with release

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41
Q

with what does hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve work in conjunction with

A

diffusion gradient

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42
Q

two states of hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglob

deoxyhemoglobin

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43
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

relaxed state

hemoglobin is highly satured with oxygen

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44
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

taut state

oxygen has difficult time binding to heme group

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45
Q

what shifts the hb O2 dissociation curve to the right

A

decrease in pH
increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide
temperature
2,3-DPG levels

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46
Q

how does the shift of the hb O2 dissociation curve to the right affect the loading of hemoglobin with oxygen in the lung capillaries and the unloading in the muscle tissue capillaries

A

lung capillaries: minimal effects

unloading of O2 at muscle tissue capillaries: significant increase due to reduction in affinity

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47
Q

what does the bohr effect describe

A

enhancing oxygen availability during exercise to tissue due to higher levels of Pco2 and hydrogen ions
decrease in pH

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48
Q

what does the haldane effect describe

A

high Po2 in alveoli increases release of CO2 and H+ from hemoglobin in the lungs
increases removal of CO2 and H+ from body

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49
Q

why is endurance performance worse at high altitude

A

due to lower Pb, Po2 is lower -> hemoglobin saturation is reduced

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50
Q

when does altitude have an effect on maximal oxygen uptake rate

A

above 1,500m

every extra 1000m -> VO2max decreases by 10%

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51
Q

what is one of the first major adaption to altitude after 48 hours

A

increase in 2,3-DPG levels -> increasing oxygen availability to tissue by 26-folds -> increasing endurance

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52
Q

calculation of cardiac output

A

Q = pressure gradient/resistance

or Q = SV * HR

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53
Q

what affects resistance

A

viscosity
length
vasodialation

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54
Q

what aids venous return flow

A

pressure head
muscle pump
intrathoracic pressure change
vasocontriction

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55
Q

systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure in the arteries, capillaries and veins

A

systolic starts at a little higher than 120 mmHg
mean at 100 mmHg
diastolic at 80 at a little higher than 80 mmHg
all 3 decrease to almost 0mmHg in veins

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56
Q

where do systolic, mean and diastolic pressure hit the same level

A

from arterioles to capillaries

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57
Q

what is the driving force of blood in circulatory system

A

mean blood pressure

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58
Q

how can cariac output be increase

A

by increasing pressure gradient and decreasing resistance

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59
Q

why does mean blood pressure tends to go up during exersice

A

due to an increase in systolic output

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60
Q

why does peripheral resistance with increasing exercise decrease

A

due to vasodialation of muscle tissue capillaries

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61
Q

why do untrained people have a greater cardiac output during submax exercise

A

greater SV and HR necessary to fullfil O2 demand

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62
Q

who has a greater maximal cardiac output

A

trained person

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63
Q

fick equation

A

VO2 = Q * O2 extraction rate

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64
Q

O2 extraction rate

A

arterial - venous O2 level

65
Q

trained vs. untrained individual´s SV

A

trained individual has always a greater SV

66
Q

relation between trained/untrained individual and SV with increasing workload

A

untrained SV plateaus at less work and at lower level (30%)

trained SV plateaus later and at 50% of max

67
Q

Realtion between trained/untrained individual and HR with increasing workload

A

trained has lower resting and submax HR but no difference in max. HR

68
Q

blood pressure characteristics with increasing workload

A

increase in systolic and mean BP

stable diastolic BP

69
Q

calculation of SV

A

SV = End distolic volume - End systolic volume

70
Q

what causes an increase in SV

A

increase in end diastolic volume (EDV) and a decrease in end systolic volume (ESV)

71
Q

what affects end diastolic volume

A 
anatomical voume (ventricular volume)
return flow
blood flow
72
Q

what affects end systolic pressure

A

contractility
peripheral resistance
starling´s law

73
Q

what does endurance training cause

A

increase in ventricular volume and blood volume -> increase in EDV

74
Q

what does strength training cause

A

increase in wall thickness and contractility -> decrease in ESV

75
Q

relation between trained/untrained individual´s Q and increasing workload

A

at rest both same Q
increases fast, but from submax to max slower increase due to plateau SV
at submax exercise higher Q in untrained individual
at max exercise greater Q in trained individual

76
Q

O2 extraction rate following training

A

increasing maximal and submaximal values

77
Q

internal influences on cardiorespiratory responses

A

increase in carebral coretex activity, kinesthetic feedback, chemoreceptor response, catecholamine release and temperature

78
Q

relation between an increase in carebral coretex activity, kinesthetic feedback, chemoreceptor response, catecholamine release and temperature to ventilation, HR, SV, and blood vessels

A

ventilation, HR, SV, and blood vessels always increase as well

79
Q

external influences on cariorespiratory responses

A

altitude
O2 enrichment
smoking
blood “doping”

80
Q

what does an increase altitude lead to

A

decrease atmospheric pressue and a decrease in partial pressure O2
decrease in arterial O2 saturation

81
Q

what causes an O2 enrichment

A

increase in arterial O2 saturation and VO2 max

82
Q

what does smoking lead to

A

increase in airway resistance
decrease in pulmonary diffusion capacity
increase in [carbon monoxide] -> increase in Hb-CO2 -> decrease in O2 transportation

83
Q

blood doping

A

infusion or reinfusion of RBCs -> increase in O2 carrying capacity

84
Q

what does the ingestion of EPO lead to

A

bone marrow to produce RBCs -> increase in oxygen carrying capacity

85
Q

main transportation of CO2 away from tissue

A

60-70% attached to RBCs
23-30% attached to hemoglobin
7-10% dissolved in plasma

86
Q

main buffer of lactic acid in blood

A

sodium bicarbonate

87
Q

what does buffering of lactic acid results in

A

formation of carbonic acid and sodium lactate

88
Q

what are anaerobic threshold and VO2 max used for

A

prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness
prediction of performance endurance capabilities
exercise prescription
setting long term work paces
setting tolerance for environmental extremes

89
Q

how should anaerobic threshold and VO2 max be expressed

A

soccer and running - ml/kg/min

swimming and cycling - L/min

90
Q

what are the 3 areas with an anaerobic threshold/breakaway

A

ventilation rate
carbon dioxide production rate
lactate production rate

91
Q

what causes threshold in ventilation rate

A

increase in carbon dioxide production

increase in lactate -> decrease in pH

92
Q

what causes threshold in carbon dioxide production rate

A

breakaway in lactate

93
Q

what muscle fiber types and energy sources are used prior to an anaerobic threshold

A

SO, FOG

aerobic oxidative metabolism

94
Q

what muscle fiber types and energy sources are used after an anaerobic threshold

A

FOG, FG

anaerobic metabolism

95
Q

relation between Ant and VO2 max

A 
AnT = 50 - 60% of VO2max in untrained
AnT = 70 - 80% of VO2 max in trained
96
Q

realtion between untrained/trained individual and VO2 with increasing workload

A

VO2 increases linearly
plateau at max exercise
VO2 lower at submax in trained
VO2 higher at max in trained

97
Q

relationship in trained/untrained individuals and ventilation rate with increasing workload

A

both have breakaway with increasing workload
rest and submax: lower ventilation rate in trained
max ventilation greater in trained person

98
Q

relationship in trained/untrained individuals and lactate production rate with increasing workload

A

both have breakaway with increasing workload
at rest even lactate values
submax lactate is lower in trained person
max trained person has higher lactate values

99
Q

CHD risk factors

A 
hypertension 
hypercholesterolemia
smoking
obesity
hypertriglyceridemia
diabetes
stress
physical inactivity
age
sex
family history
100
Q

potential effects of exercise on CHD

A 
increase in colleteral circulation
increase in vessel size
increase in myocardial efficiancy, O2 transport
decrease in dysrhythmias
decrease in clot formation
101
Q

relation between O2 deficit and debt

A

the greater the O2 deficit the greater the O2 debt

oxygen debt is greater than ixygen deficit

102
Q

difference between trained and untrained O2 ventilation response

A

untrained a slower VO2 response

103
Q

difference between trained and untrained O2 debt

A

untrained has a larger/slower O2 debt

104
Q

alactacid phase of O2 debt

A

first part
fast decrease in VO2
faster in trained individual

105
Q

lactacid phase of O2 debt

A

second part

slow decrease in VO2

106
Q

what is oxygen uptake kinetics

A

rate of VO2 response

will influence rate or amount of O2 deficit use

107
Q

what affects the maximal oxygen uptake deficit capacity

A

capacity of anaerobic energy system
phosphogen stores
Lactic Acid tolerance

108
Q

reasons for greater oxygen debt compared to deficit

A

replace oxygen deficit
elevated breathing and HR
increased body temperature and metabolic rate
increased adrenaline and noradrenaline levels

109
Q

when is fast-slow pacing appropriate

A

for high %ST , because of high [H-LDH]

110
Q

when is slow-fast pacing appropriate

A

for high FT, because of good finishing “kick”

111
Q

what is the best performance time

A

even pacing

112
Q

how is lactate degredated

A 
during lactacid phase
through sweat and urine
aminoacid production
gluconeogenesis
oxidation
113
Q

how long doe sit take to replenish phophogen stores using passive recovery

A

50% within 30 sec

100% within 2-3 min

114
Q

how long does it take to remove lactic acid using passive reovery

A

50% within 25-30 min

100% within 1-2 hours

115
Q

how long does it take to remove lactic acid using active state

A

50% within 25-30 min

100% within 1/2 - 1 hour

116
Q

characteristics of active recovery state

A 
moderate intensity
requires high rate of oxidative matabolism
50-60% of max HR in untrained
70-80% of may HR in trained
ventilation rate under control
work just below AnT
117
Q

training implications from interval sprint training

A

shorter segments to complete greater total work
practice at competetive pace
no L.A. production

118
Q

why is sprint interval training more effective

A

because it take longer to recover from high lactate levels than from phosphagen depletion

119
Q

what does a training program need to include

A

training principles
program design
program phases

120
Q

3 major training principles

A

overload - higher than normal demands
progression - increasing workloads
specificity- motor unit training

121
Q

progrm design

A

task analysis
skill
strength
metabolic

122
Q

training program phases

A

preseason - build specific fitness
in season - maintain specific fitness
postseason - maintain general fitness

123
Q

volume and intensity in enducrance/strength training phases throughout the year

A

postseason: both high volume, low intensity
in pre-season: both moderate volume, moderate intensity
in season: both low volume, high intensity

124
Q

technique level throughout season

A

line follows intensity line

125
Q

which energy systems are used during events of various time lengths

A

phosphagen: 0:10 - 0:20 min
anaerobic glycolysis: 0:45 - 1:45 min
Oxidative: 3:45 - 135:00 min

126
Q

when is energy production 50% anaerobic and 50% aerobc at maximal effort

A

after 3 - 4 min

e.g 1500m race

127
Q

interval training guidelines for developing phosphagen energy system

A

work time: 0 - 30 sex
work recovery ratio: 1/3
type of recovery: passive

128
Q

interval training guidelines for developing anaerobic glycolysis energy system

A

work time: 30-60 seconds, 60-120 seconds, 2-3 minute
work recovery ratio: 1/2
type of recovery: active

129
Q

interval training guidelines for developing oxidative (aerobic) energy system

A

work time: 3-5 min
work recovery ratio:1/1
type of recovery: passive

130
Q

target HR at work as well as between reps and sets during interval training

A

HR at work: 85-95% of max HR
HR for recovery between reps: 70% of max HR
HR for recovery between sets: 60% of max HR

131
Q

endurance training intensity when trying to improve general fitness

A

> (or even) 75% of max HR

132
Q

guidelines for endurance training intensity to improve competetive preperation

A

85-95% of max HR

133
Q

endurance training compared to interval training

A

psychologicall and physiologically less demanding
used to develop general overall cardiorespiratory endurance
can be used in conjunction with interval training for competetive preperation
less specificity in training

134
Q

duration guidelines for endurance training

A

minimum of 12 - 15 min(at high HR)
“practical maximum: 45 - 60 min
> 60min mainly beneficial to long distance competitors

135
Q

what does endurance training longer than 60 min improve

A

fat metabolism

psychological benefits

136
Q

frequency guidelines for endurance training

A

2/week minimum (high HR)

3-5/week need of most individuals

137
Q

how long of detraining does it take to lose 50% of cardiorespiratory fitness

A

4 weeks

138
Q

power

A

work/time
(force * distance)/time
force * velocity

139
Q

strength

A

max force from one contraction

1 rep max

140
Q

different types of muscle actions

A

idometric
concentric
eccentric
isokinetic

141
Q

isometric muscle action

A

force = resistance

no movement can provide a max overload

142
Q

concentric muscle action

A

force > resistance

movement in direction of force vector

143
Q

eccentric muscle action

A

force < resistance
movement in direction of resistance verctor
overload can be max

144
Q

isokinetic muscle sction

A

force > resistance
overload can be maximal
controlled speed may be fast or slow (machine)

145
Q

muscular endurance

A

measure of work capacity under moderate to high resistance

depends on strength and anaerobic capabilities and function of relative load is involved

146
Q

age predited max HR

A

220 - age in years

147
Q

calculation of training intensity using HR max method

A

predicted max HR
multiply by training intensity of fitness level ( e.g. 0.7 or 0.8)
training target HR e.g. 140 - 160 bpm

148
Q

what does muscular endurance not depend on

A

aerobic oxidative metabolism

149
Q

anabolic

A

increase in lean tissue development and strength

150
Q

androgenic

A

increase masculinization or feminization

151
Q

potential side effects of exogenous intake

A 
liver or kidney damage
sterility
closure of long bone growth
severe acne
musculization or feminization
increase risk of cancer
152
Q

what leads to greater lean body mass and strength in men after puberty

A

production of more anabolic hormones

153
Q

guidelines for isometric training

A

100% of max effort
5 sec/ rep
5 reps/exercise
3-5 sessions per week

154
Q

guidelines for muscular endurance training

A

15 -20 reps/set
up to as many as 30/40 reps/set
2-3 sets/exercise
3 sessions/week

155
Q

guidelines for eccentric training

A

120% of 1 rep max
3-5 sets/exercise
6-8 reps/set
3-5 sessions/week

156
Q

circuit training

A

6-15 exercise stations
30-40 sec/station
15/20 sec recovery between stations

157
Q

what are results of circuit training

A

increase in strength, muscle endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance
decrease in fat

158
Q

what causes accute muscle sourness

A

ischemia as blood flow is occluded

blockage of blood flow

Kin 155 Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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