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Kin 155 Exercise Physiology > Lab Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

transition from predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production as work increase

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2
Q

aerobic exercise

A

performed in presence of oxygen

oxydative metabolic pathways are dominant source of energy production

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3
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

performed in absence of oxygen

anaerobic metabolic pathways are dominant source of energy production

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4
Q

definition of anaerobic threshold in relation to ventilation rate

A

last oxygen uptake rate (VO2) fitting the linear trend when expired ventilation rate is plotted against VO2

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5
Q

methods to identify anaerobic threshold

A

identification of breakaway in ventilation rate
identification of breakaway in lactate acid production
identificationo of breakaway in carbon dioxide production rate
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 15-16

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6
Q

maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max)

A

maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute

highest VO2 value during max effort

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7
Q

what is VO2max expressed as?

A

L/min or ml/kg/min

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8
Q

criteria indicating that VO2max was used

A

plateau or decrease in VO2 as workload increases
HR within 10 bpm of age predicted max HR
respiratory exchange ratio (R) greater than 1.0
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 18-20

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9
Q

when are anaerobic threshold and VO2max used

A

prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness
prediction of endurance performance capabilities
exercise prescription
setting long-term work paces
setting tolerance to environmental extremes

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10
Q

what is cardiorespiratory endurance

A

ability of lungs and heart to take in and transport adequate amounts of oxygen to working muscles

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11
Q

what does cardiorespiratory endurance allow

A

activities involving large muscle mass over long periods of time

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12
Q

fick equation

A

VO2 = Q (cardia output) x O2 extration by muscle

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13
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

Q = SV x HR

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14
Q

O2 extraction by muscle

A

arterial - venous O2 level

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15
Q

total work of endurance training

A

intensity x duration

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16
Q

effects of edurance training on oxygen uptake rate

A

rest: no change
submax. exericise: decreased
max. exercise: increased

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17
Q

effects of endurance training on cardiac output

A

rest: no change
submax. exercise: decreased
max. exercise: increased

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18
Q

effects of endurance training on stroke volume

A

rest: increased
submax. exercise: increased
max. exercise: increased

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19
Q

effects of endurance training on heart rate

A

rest: decreased
submax. exercise: decreased
max. exercise: no change

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20
Q

effects of endurance training on A-V O2 difference

A

rest: no change
submax. exercise: increased
max. exercise: increased

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21
Q

what does VO2 max reflect

A

power or capacity of aerobic system

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22
Q

what does the anaerobic threshold reflect

A

onset of metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

how can anaerobic threshold be determined

A

by measuring increase in blood lactate (lacate threshold) or meauring expired ventilation rate and gases (ventilatory threshold)

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24
Q

identification of ventilatory threshold

A

nonlinear increase in expired ventilation rate
nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide production rate
increase in fraction of oxygen in expired air without decrease in fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air
increasing respiratorxy quotient

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25
Q

low fitness classification based on VO2max

A

females: < (or even) 29 ml/kg/min
Males: < (or even) 34 ml/kg/min

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26
Q

exercise prescription for low fitness classification individuals

A 
Intensity: 60-70% of maxHR
50-60% of VO2max 
RPE = 11-13
unaware of ventilation rate
breathing rate and depth comfortable
Duration: 20-30 min per session
Frequency: 3 days per week
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27
Q

moderate fitness classifiaction based on VO2max

A

females: 30-44 ml/kg/min
males: 35-49 ml/kg/min

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28
Q

exercise prescription for moderate fitness classification individuals

A 
Intensity: 70-80% of maxHR
60-75% of VO2max 
RPE = 13 - 15
aware of ventilation rate (increased breathing rate and depth)
Duration: 30  - 45 min per session
Frequency: 4 days per week
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29
Q

high fitness classification based on VO2max

A

females >(or even) 45 ml/kg/min

males >(or even) 50 ml/kg/min

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30
Q

exercise prescription for high fitness classification individuals

A 
Intensity: 80-90% of maxHR
75-85% of VO2max 
RPE = 15-17
hyperventilatory response
respiraory distress (rapid breathing rate) 
Duration: 45-60 min per session
Frequency: 5 days per week
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31
Q

what is endurance capability reflected by

A

ability to take in and utilize oxygen

oxygen consumption rate (VO2)

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32
Q

relationship between oxygen uptake rate (VO2) and workload

A

linearly

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33
Q

relationship between HR and workload

A

linearly

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34
Q

relationship between oxygen uptake rate (VO2) and HR

A

linearly

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35
Q

predicted maximal heart rate

A

220-age in yr.

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36
Q

bw in kg

A

bw (lb)/2.2

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37
Q

calculation of steady state workload value

A

workload (kg) x 50rpm x 6 meters

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38
Q

calculation of steady state HR

A

(sum of last two workload values) / 2

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39
Q

max oxygen uptake rate adjusted for age

A

(oxygen uptake rate value from table) x correction factor for age from table = L/min

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40
Q

conversion of max oxygen uptake rate into ml/kg/min

A

max oxygen uptake rate in L/min x 1000/BW(kg)

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41
Q

steps for the max oxygen uptake rate determination

A 
predicted max HR
steady state workload
steady state HR
max oxygen uptake rate (table)
adjustment for age (table)
conversion into ml/kg/min
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42
Q

what does the ability to utilize oxygen invlove

A

internal and extenal respiration

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43
Q

external respiration

A

taking air into the lungs

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44
Q

internal respiration

A

extraction of oxygen from alveoli into blood

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45
Q

what affet lung volume

A

body size, gender, age, body position, physical activity

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46
Q

relation between lung volume and body position

A

volume smaller in supine position than in upright position

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47
Q

tital volume

A

volume inspired or expired per breath

increases during exercise

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48
Q

inspirational reserve volume (IRV)

A

max volume inspired from end inspiration

decreases during exercise

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49
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

volume remaining at end of max expiration

slight increase during exercise

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50
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

max volume expired from end expiration

slight decrease during exercise

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51
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

volume in lung at end of max inspiration

slight decrease during exercise

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52
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

max volume forcefully expired after max inspiration

slight decrease during exercise

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53
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

max volume inspired from resting expiratory level

increase during exercise

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54
Q

functional residual volume (FRC)

A

volume in lungs at resting expiratory level

slight increase during exercise

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55
Q

average forced expiratory volume (FEV) at 1 sec

A

75-80% of vital volume

56
Q

average forced expiratory volume (FEV) at 2 sec

A

85-90% of vital volume

57
Q

average forced expiratory volume (FEV) at 3 se

A

95-100% of vital volume

58
Q

calculation of tital volume

A

B - C x BTPS

59
Q

calculation of inspiratory reserve volume

A

C - D x BTPS

60
Q

calculation of inspiratory capacity

A

B - D x BTPS

Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume

61
Q

expiratory reserve volume calculation

A

A(J if higher than A) - B x BTPS

62
Q

calculation of vital capacity

A

A(J if higher than A) - D x BTPS

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Inspiratory capacity

63
Q

calculation of residual volume

A

VC x age factor (0.24 for men, 0.28 for female)

64
Q

calculation for total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

65
Q

calculation of Forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1.0)

A

H(value after 1 sec) - D x BTPS

66
Q

% of Vital Capacity at 1 sec

A

FEV1.0 / VC

67
Q

calculation of Forced expiratory volume at 2 sec (FEV2.0)

A

I(value after 2 sec) - D x BTPS

68
Q

% of vital capacity at 2 sec

A

FEV 2.0 / VC

69
Q

calculation of Forced expiratory volume at 3 sec (FEV3.0)

A

J(value after 3 sec) - D x BTPS

70
Q

% of vital capacity at 3 sec

A

FEV 3.0 / VC

71
Q

method to most accurate measure fat and lean tissue in living human

A

underwater weighing

72
Q

lean body tissue

A

everything but fat tissue
bones, muscles, vital organs
has a higher density

73
Q

what measures must be utilized to determine body composition under water

A

residual lung volume
body weight
body weight while submerged

74
Q

steps of calculating body composition

A 
calculation of residual volume
convert BW into kg
determine true under water weight
determine water density (table)
calculate body volume (given)
calculate body density (given)
convert body denisty to % fat (given)
calculation of fat weight and lean body weight
75
Q

calculation of residual volume in body composition test

A

determination of BTPS
higherst VC value x BTPS
(VC x BTPS) x age value (men 0.24)

76
Q

determination of true under water weight

A

under water weight of subject - apparatus

77
Q

calculation of fat weight (FW)

A

(BW x (%fat/100))

78
Q

calculation of lean body weight (LBW)

A

BW - FW

79
Q

setting body weight goal calculation

A

set target %fat

BW goal in kg = (LBW / (1 - (target %fat/100))

80
Q

ideal BW goal

A

current LBW / desired % LBW(decimal)

81
Q

1 nutritional problem in the US

A

obesity

82
Q

determination values of obesity

A

male: %fat > 25%
female: %fat > 30%

83
Q

child and adult obesity in the US

A

both increasing

84
Q

what does archimedes principle state

A

an object submerged in water is bouyed up by a force equal to the volume of water displaced and that the volume of water displaced is equal to the weight lost by an object immersed in water

85
Q

specific gravity

A

weight of an object in air / weight of an equal volume of water

86
Q

specific gravity of lean body mass

A

1.1 kg/L

87
Q

specific gravity of fat mass

A

0.9 kg/L

88
Q

body volume according to archimedes

A

weight in air - weight in water

89
Q

body density

A

body weight / body volume

90
Q

what is obesity related to

A

medical abnormalities (coronary heart disease, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, hypertension…)

91
Q

what do behavioral causes of regulatory obesity include

A

lack of activity
excess caloric consumption
associtation of food with emotional response
social and cultural pressures of food consumption

92
Q

essential minimal fat values

A

men: 4%
female: 8-12%

93
Q

optimal health in fat %

A

male: 10 - 25%
female: 18 - 30%

94
Q

types of obesity

A

hypertrophic or maturity onset obesity (increase infat cell size)
hyperplastic or juvenile onset obesity (increase in fat cell size and #, and 80% carryover to adulthood)

95
Q

factors influencing caloric intake rate

A

food energy value
absorbtion
type of food
quantity

96
Q

caloric expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate
physical activity level
food processing

97
Q

exercise benefits related to weight control

A

increased caloric expenditure
counteracts potential decrease in basal metabolic
prevents loss of lean body weight
compliments behavior

98
Q

what has been utilized as a more practical technique to measure body composition

A

anthropometric measurements

99
Q

three basic types of anthropometric measures

A

skinfold thickness
trunk and limb diameter
trunk and limb circumference (Umfang)

100
Q

what are errors in the anthropometric measurements called that represent bounds of accuracy

A

standart errors of estimate S.E.E.

101
Q

equation selection criteria in anthropometric measurements

A 
sex or gender
age
athletes vs. non-athlete or active vs. non-active
race or ethnicity
statistical consideration
102
Q

body weight (Fat weight) loss calculation

A

current body weight - ideal body weight goal

103
Q

what are circumferences used for

A

to measure fat, muscle & bone

do anthropometric measurements

104
Q

measurements of somatogram

A

body proportionality
body weight to frame size relations (over or under BW)
high or low fat levels
high or low muscularity

105
Q

what is used to calculate reference wight

A

diameters along with height and left and right extremity diameter

106
Q

what does reference weight establish

A

a reference weight goal (BW goal) + needed changes in fat weight and lean body weight

107
Q

what is reference weight goal based on

A

frame (skeletal) size and the needed change in in body weight to meet goal

108
Q

calculation of reference weight

A

record all diameter values
sum of all forms total diameter
divide total diameter by body constant -> receive value “A”
square A -> “A2” (squared)
multiply A2(squared) by height in cm -> “B”
multiply “B” by constant 0.0111 -> reference weight
subtract reference weight from bw

109
Q

how is reference weight shown

A

in kg

110
Q

interpretation of reference weight

A

if BW within 5 kg of reference weight -> normal weight relative to frame size
if BW is more than 5 kg below reference weight -> underweight relative to frame size
if BW is more than 5 kg above reference weight -> overweight related to frame size

111
Q

what happens in relation with reference weight and target value for % fat when body compositions are also assessed

A

reference weight and target value % Fat are used in combination to determine fat weight and lean body weight goals

112
Q

FW goal calculation with reference weight and target value %fat

A

(RW x (Target %fat / 100))

113
Q

BBW goal with reference weight and target % fat value

A

(RW - FW)

114
Q

body constants for reference weight calculations

A

male: 31.58
female: 31.10

115
Q

cange in FW and LBW

A

FW/LBW goal - FW/LBW current

116
Q

what does somatotype include

A

endomorphy
mesomorphy
extomorphy

117
Q

endomorphy

A

uses 3 skinfolds to determine a rating of fatness

118
Q

mesomorphy

A

using a few skinfolds, circumferences and diameters + height to determine a rating of muscularity

119
Q

ectomorphy

A

uses height and bw to determine a rating of linearity

120
Q

body mass index

A

uses height and bw to determine ratings of obese, overweight, normal weight, and underweight

121
Q

calculation of body mass index

A

bw in kg / height in square meters

122
Q

determination of bmi on nomogram

A

connect weight in kg with height in m with straight line -> cross at bmi

123
Q

interpretation of BMI

A

underweight < 18.5
normal weight 18.5 - 24.9
overweight 25.0 - 29.9
obese >(or even) 30,0

124
Q

which equation is for anthropometric measurments used when person is a couch potato

A

high R

low S.E.E.

125
Q

which equation is for anthropometric measurments used when person is an athletic person

A

lowest R

highest S.E.E

126
Q

when is a body normal build based on somatogram values

A

if all proportions are between 95 and 105

127
Q

how are body weight-frame size relations indicated

A

by wrist, knee and ankle proportions

128
Q

when is overweight/underweight indicated based on bw frame size relations

A

overweight if proportions are < 95

underweight if proportions > 105

129
Q

from where are large body fat distributions usually reflected in the anthropometric measurement

A

abdomen
chest
hips
thigh

130
Q

high/low fat values in anthropometric measurement

A

high fat values/overweight > 105

low fat values/underweight < 95

131
Q

location for high/low muscularity measurements in anthropometric measurements

A

forearm
flexed arm
shoulder
calf

132
Q

muscle tissue measurements in anthropometric measurements

A

overweight > 105

underweight < 95

133
Q

optimal fitness fat %

A

male: 12 - 18%
female: 16 - 25%

134
Q

most athletes´ fat%

A

male: 5 - 13%
female: 12 - 22%

135
Q

national 50th percentile fat%

A

male: 15%
female: 25%

Kin 155 Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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