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2 ENDOCRINE > Pituitary Gland Anatomy > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what do the thalamus and hypothalamus make up

A

the diencephalon

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2
Q

where is the diencephalon found

A

in the central core of the cerebrum

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3
Q

what connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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4
Q

what are the two sections of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior

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5
Q

what does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete

A

Most of the pituitary hormones

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH,PRL

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6
Q

what makes up the anterior lobe

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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7
Q

what makes up the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

pars nervosa

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8
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

pituitary fossa of the sphenoid

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9
Q

where does the pituitary fossa lie

A

within the sella turcica

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10
Q

where does the optic chasm lie

A

immediately superior to the pituitary gland

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11
Q

what makes up the optic chiasm

A

right and left optic nerves coming the NASAL retina

temporal retina dont cross over just go straight down

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12
Q

where do the optic nerves synapse

A

in the thalamus

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13
Q

what is the main clinical effect of a pituitary tumour

A

bitemporal heminantopia due to initial midline compression of the optic chiasm

patient loses the ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field bilaterally

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14
Q

what are the two approaches to accessing the pituitary fossa in surgery

A

transcranial approach (sub-frontal lobe)

transsphenoidal approach
via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

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15
Q

what cranial nerves lie around the pituitary gland

A

3,4,5,6

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16
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavity

17
Q

what are the paranasal located (what bones)

A

frontal bone (frontal sinuses)
maxillae (maxillary sinuses)
ethmoid (ethmoidal air cells)
sphenoid (sphenoid sinuses)

18
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses

A

mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

19
Q

what does the transnasal approach require in terms of fracture

A

surgical fracture of the nasal septum and the floor and roof of the sphenoids

20
Q

what le fort fracture gives better surgical access to the pituitary gland

A

Le Fort 1 down-fracture

21
Q

what is the dura mater

A

membrane thing that adheres to the internal aspects of the bones in the cranial cavity (lines the inside of the cranial cavity)

22
Q

what is the function of the dura mater

A

protects the structures of the cranial cavity

23
Q

what happens if the dura mater is damaged

A

causes leak of cerebrospinal fluid

24
Q

where do the venous channels run

A

within the dura mater - drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity into the internal jugular veins

25
Q

where do the internal carotid arteries pass though

A

cavernous sinuses

26
Q

what does the optic chiasm do

A

conducts action potentials from the nasal retina

27
Q

what happens when the optic chiasm is damaged (eg. by a pituitary gland tumour)

A

bitemporal hemianopia

28
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve

A

motor innervation to the muscles that move the eyeball

29
Q

what happens if the oculomotor nerve is damages

A

problems with several eye movement

dilated pupil

30
Q

what does the trochlear nerve do

A

motor innervation to ONE muscle that moves the globe (eyeball apart from its appendages)

31
Q

what happens if the trochlear nerve is damaged

A

problems with looking inferiorly and lateral

32
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve do

A

sensory innervation to most of the face

motor innervation to the muscles of mastication

33
Q

what happens if the trigeminal nerve is damaged

A

loss of sensation/sensory symptoms in the face

difficulty chewing

34
Q

what does the abducens nerve do

A

motor innervation to ONE muscle that moves the globe

35
Q

what happens if the abducens nerve is damaged

A

problems with abduction of the eye

36
Q

what does the cavernous sinus do

A

drains venous blood

37
Q

what happens if the cavernous sinuses are damaged

A

venous haemorrhage

38
Q

internal carotid artery

A

supplied arterial blood to brain and orbit

39
Q

what happens when the internal carotid artery

A

catastrophic haemorrhage

2 ENDOCRINE (32 decks)

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