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MSCT > MSCT Week 1: Back and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

MSCT Week 1: Back and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebral column AKA

A

Spine

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2
Q

The Vertebral Column has how many vertebrae

A

33 Vertebrae

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3
Q

How many Cervical Vertebrae?

A

7

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4
Q

How many Thoracic Vertebrae?

A

12

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5
Q

How many Lumbar Vertebrae?

A

5

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6
Q

How many Sacral Vertebrae?

A

5

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7
Q

How many coccygeal Vertebrae?

A

3-5

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8
Q

Surface Landmarks of the back

3 Listed

A
  • vertebrae prominens
  • scapula
  • iliac crests
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9
Q

Useful landmarks for a lumbar puncture?

A

A horizontal line between the Iliac Crests passes through the spinous process of L4 and the L4-L5 disc

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10
Q

Identify

A
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11
Q

Natural Curvatures of the Vertebral column

A
  • Kyphotic curvatures
  • Lordotic curvatures
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12
Q

Kyphotic Curvatures

A
  • Thoracic
  • Sacral
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13
Q

The primary curvatures

A
  • Kyphotic Curvatures: thoracic and sacral regions
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14
Q

The secondary curvatures

A
  • Lordotic curvatures: Lumbar and Cervical regions
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15
Q

which curvatures are postnatal?

A

secondary curvatures

Lordotic curvatures: cervical and lumbar

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16
Q

Which spinal curvatures are present from birth?

A
  • Primary curvatures
  • Thoracic and sacral Kyphotic curvatures
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17
Q

Kyphosis is?

A

excessive forward curvature (flexion) of the thoracic spine. It may be congenital or posture related but it is usually due to a collapse of the vertebral bodies

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18
Q

Lordosis is?

A

excessive inward curvature (extension) of the lumbar spine that can develop temporarily during pregnancy, pathology, or excess weight

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19
Q

Scoliosis is?

A

an abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic or lumbar spine. it may be congenital, idiopathic or caused by diseases such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy

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20
Q

Idiopathic definition

A

relating to or denoting any disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.

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21
Q

Congenital definition

A

(especially of a disease or physical abnormality) present from birth.

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22
Q

Identify

A
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23
Q

Identify?

A
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24
Q

The secondary curvatures develop after _______ when …

A
  • Birth
  • infants learn to hold their head up and walk
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25
Q

spinal curvature that develops when infants learn to hold their head up?

A

Cervical Lordotic curvature

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26
Q

The spinal curvature that develops when infants learn to walk?

A

Lumbar lordotic curvature

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27
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the back do what?

A

Maintain posture and move the vertebral column

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28
Q

The extrinsic muscles of the back do what?

A

move the upper limbs and ribs

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29
Q

Movement patterns of the vertebral column?

A
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Lateral Flexion
  • Rotation
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30
Q

A vertebra consists of ____________, _______________, and ___________ for _________ attachment and ___________ with _________.

A

A vertebra consists of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and processes for muscle attachment and articulation with bones

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31
Q

The vertebral arch is formed by ________________ that attach to the ___________ and paired _____________ that join to form the spinous process.

A

The vertebral arch is formed by paired pedicles that attach to the vertebral body and paired laminae that join to form the spinous process.

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32
Q

Transverse processes project ______ from the __________.

A

Transverse processes project laterally from the vertebral arch

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33
Q

Superior and inferior processes articulate with vertebrae _________ and _________.

A

Superior and inferior processes articulate with vertebrae above and below.

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34
Q

Identify

A
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35
Q

Identify

A
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36
Q

Spinal nerves exit from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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37
Q

Intervertebral joints and articular surfaces of vertebral bodies are?

A

Symphyses, Fibrocartilaginous joints that are only slightly mobile

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38
Q

Annulus Fibrosis

A

Fibrocartilage rings found in between vertebral body articular surfaces

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39
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Gelatinous material surrounded by the annulus fibrosis

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40
Q

A Herniated Disc pathology?

A

Degeneration of the annulus fibrosis leads to herniation of the nucleus pulposus which can impinge on the spinal cord or spinal nerves

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41
Q

Zygapophyseal joints AKA

A

Facet Joints

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42
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes are?

A

Synovial joints called Zygapophyseal joints which contain fluid and allow for movement but are prone to arthritis

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43
Q
A

posterior herniation

+

Posterolateral herniation

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44
Q

Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

A

attach the spines of adjacent vertebrae to each other

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45
Q

The interspinous and supraspinous ligaments continue superiorly as the?

A

Nuchal ligament

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46
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

extension of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments and attaches to the external occipital protuberance of the skull;

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47
Q

Nuchal ligament main function

A

Limits flexion of the cervical spine

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48
Q

Flavum means …

A

Yellow

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49
Q

Ligamentum flavum location

A

on the inner aspect of the vertebral arch

50
Q

Identify

A
51
Q

Identify

A
52
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament location

A

On the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies

53
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament main function

A

Limits hyperextension

54
Q

Can reduce the dimensions of the vertebral canal, producing the syndrome of spinal stenosis

3 Listed

A
  • Zygapophysial joint hypertrophy
  • Ligamenta flava hypertrophy
  • mild disc protrusion
55
Q

The spinal cord is…

A
  • A long tubular structure that extends from the end of the brain stem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column
56
Q

it encloses the central canal that contains cerebral spinal fluid

A

Spinal cord

57
Q

the central canal is located and contains what?

A

In the spinal cord and contains cerebral spinal fluid

58
Q

The spinal cord consists of and does what?

A

nervous tissue that carries incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body

59
Q

Organization of grey matter in the spinal cord and consists of?

5 listed

A
  • shaped like a butterfly
  • consists of cell bodies of interneurons
  • motor neurons
  • as well as glial cells (support cells)
  • unmyelinated axons
60
Q

Are grey matter neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Grey matter is unmyelinated

61
Q

Nerve cell processes AKA

A

Nerve fibers

62
Q

Nerve fibers AKA

A

Nerve cell processes

63
Q

Spinal Cord White matter organization

A

Surrounds the grey matter

64
Q

Spinal cord white matter consists of?

2 Listed

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • glial cells
65
Q

What is myelin?

2 listed

A
  • a lipid-rich substance that encases axons and protects them
  • also increases conduction speed
66
Q

Conus medullaris

A

the spinal cords cone-shaped end between L1 and L2

67
Q

Filum Terminale

A

continues from the apex of the conus medullaris as a fine filament of connective tissue anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx

68
Q

filum terminale main function

A

To anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx

69
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

70
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 cervical spinal nerves

71
Q

How many Thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12 Thoracic spinal nerves

72
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5 lumbar spinal nerves

73
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5 sacral spinal nerves

74
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1 coccygeal spinal nerves

75
Q

How many enlargements are associated with the spinal cord?

A

2 enlargements

76
Q

what are the spinal cord enlargements called?

2 listed

A
  • The cervical enlargement
  • The lumbosacral or lumbar enlargement
77
Q

The cervical enlargement encludes these nerves

A

C5-T1 spinal nerves

78
Q

The lumbosacral enlargement encludes these nerves

A

L1-S3 spinal nerves

79
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

Inferior to the conus medullaris is the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves form a loose collection of ventral and dorsal roots called cauda equina

80
Q

What does Cauda Equina mean?

A

The horses tail

81
Q

Identify

A
82
Q

Identify

A
83
Q

What membranes cover and protect the spinal cord?

A

Three membranes referred to as the meninges

84
Q

What are the names of the Meninges

3 Listed

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
85
Q

The meninges covering the spinal cord are __________ with the meninges covering the brain

A

Continuous

86
Q

Pia mater location

A

lies directly on the spinal cord

87
Q

Arachnoid mater location and description

A

is the middle layer and is fine and delicate, similar to a spiders web

88
Q

Dura Mater location and description

A

is the external layer and is a thick, strong membrane

89
Q

Epidural space

A
  • superficial to the dura mater and contains fat and blood vessels
90
Q

subdural space

A

the dura is usually attached to the arachnoid mater but illness or injury can create a subdural space between them

91
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

deep to the arachnoid mater and contains CSF produced by the ventricles of the brain

92
Q

What produces CSF?

A

The ventricles of the brain produces CSF

93
Q

Identify

A
94
Q

Identify

A
95
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

The subarachnoid space below the conus medullaris where the CSF is often sampled

96
Q

CSF samples are taken from?

A

inserting a needle between L3/L4 or L4/L5 below the conus medullaris in the lumbar cistern

97
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

L3/L4 or L4/L5 in the subarachnoid space in the lumbar cistern

98
Q

Epidural anesthesia is given by?

A

placing a catheter in the epidural space or inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus into the epidural space

or

by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus into the epidural space

99
Q

Spinal nerves are _________ nerves

A

Mixed nerves

100
Q

Mixed nerves are?

A

contain sensory and motor nerve fibers

101
Q

Afferent nerves are?

A

Sensory nerves that carry information towards the CNS

102
Q

Efferent Nerves are?

A

carry information away from the CNS

103
Q

Each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord by?

A

Posterior and Anterior roots

AKA

Dorsal and Ventral Roots

104
Q

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in?

A

a spinal or dorsal root ganglion

105
Q

Dorsal root ganglion nerves synapse with?

A

sensory neurons in the posterior or dorsal horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord

106
Q

The anterior or ventral root contains?

A

motor nerve fibers which carry signals away from the CNS

107
Q

The cell bodies of the primary motor neurons are in?

A

Anterior region of the gray matter of the spinal cord (The anterior or ventral horn)

108
Q

After exiting the vertebral canal…

A

each spinal nerve branches into a posterior or dorsal ramus that innervates only the intrinsic back muscles and the skin and back overlying them

or

an anterior or ventral ramus that innervates other skeletal muscles and remaining areas of the skin

109
Q

The dorsal and anterior rami are ___________ nerves

A

mixed

110
Q

Identify

A
111
Q

Identify

A
112
Q

Cervical spinal nerves pass where?

A

superior to their associated vertebrae

113
Q

C8 and down spinal nerves pass where

A

inferior to their associated vertebrae

114
Q

All spinal nerves

A
115
Q

Dermatome

A

an area of skin innervated by one spinal cord level, or on one side, by a single spinal nerve

116
Q

Dermatome testing

A

testing touch on the skin can localize lesions to a specific spinal nerve or to a specific level in the spinal cord

117
Q

Myotome

A

is a portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level

118
Q

Most individual muscles are innervated by __________ spinal level

A

more than one

119
Q

Myotome testing

A

since most individual muscles are innervated by more than one spinal level, myotomes are evaluated by testing movements of joints or muscle groups

120
Q

A knowledge of _______ and _________ is essential for completing a neurological exam

A
  • dermatomes
  • myotomes
121
Q

Identify

A

MSCT (30 decks)

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