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Honors Biology 10 > 7.4-12.2-12.3-13.1-13.2 > Flashcards

7.4-12.2-12.3-13.1-13.2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Before a cell divides, it’s genetic information must be copied

A

Copying DNA

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2
Q

The instructions in the DNA of each cell must be sorted and passed from one generation to the next so the next generation can properly develop and reproduce

A

Transmitting DNA

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What is the sugar group in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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6
Q

What is the sugar group in RNA?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Molecule that is made up of repeating units(monomers)

A

Ploymer

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8
Q

The monomers that make up proteins

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

The monomers that make up DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

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11
Q

What is the phosphate group in DNA and RNA?

A

Phosphoric acid

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12
Q

What makes up a nucleotide ?

A

A sugar group, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

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13
Q

Who discovered that there was the same amount of adenine as thymine in a sample of DNA. Also the Sam was true with cytosine Zane guanine?

A

Erwin Chargaff’s

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14
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA is a double helix through the use of X-Ray diffraction?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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15
Q

Who developed a model of the DNA (double helix)?

A

James Watson and Francis Crik

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16
Q

What is a double helix strand?

A

Two stands of nucleotides twisted around a central axis

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17
Q

What are the nitrogen bases held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

What nitrogen bases are always paired with each other in DNA?

A

Adenine with thymine

Cytosine with guanine

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19
Q

What nitrogen bases are always paired with each other in RNA?

A

Adenine with uracil

Cytosine with guanine

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20
Q

What does the double helix look like?

A

A twisted ladder

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21
Q

What do are steps of the ladder(double helix) made up up?

A

Nitrogen bases

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22
Q

What are the sides of the ladder(double helix) made up off?

A

The sugar group alternating with the phosphate group

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23
Q

Do the two strands of nucleotides in DNA strand run in the same direction?
True or false

A

False

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24
Q

DNA and histones that are long and thin

A

Chromatin

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25
DNA and histones that are short and coiled
Chromosome
26
Proteins that DNA coils around
Histone
27
Untwists and unzips the DNA stand for DNA replication
DNA Helicase
28
What happens when the old strand of DNA has been separated between the nitrogen base pairs?
The DNA nucleotides that are floating around the nucleus match up with their appropriate base on the old DNA strands
29
Connects the newly matched | nucleotides to each other to complete the new DNA strand, also proofreads the new DNA strands
DNA polymerase
30
What happens when the hydrogen bonds have formed between the nitrogen bases on the old strand of DNA, and their newly paired nucleotide?
DNA polymerase connects the covalent bonds between nucleotides (Sugar group to phosphate group) to complete the new strand of DNA
31
Short repeated DNA sequences on the | ends of chromosomes that prevent genes from being damaged or lost
Telomeres
32
The order of nitrogen bases in DNA
Genetic code
33
What happens when you change the order of nitrogen base pairs ?
You will change the characteristics of the organism.
34
The genetic material stores information needed by every living cell
Storing DNA
35
A stable internal environment that organism maintain
Homeostasis
36
How do unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis?
They grow, respond to their environment, transform energy and reproduce.
37
Different cells Preform different functions for the organism
Differentiation
38
Specialized cells are organized into tissues, tissues are organized into organs, organs are organized into organ systems.
Levels of organization
39
Basic unit of structure and function
Cell
40
Cells that work together to perform a common function form what?
Tissue
41
a group of cells that | work together to perform a common function
Tissue
42
a group of tissues that work together to perform a common function
Organs
43
A group of organs that work together to perform a common function
Organ systems
44
a group of organ systems that work together to form a single living thing that can perform all of the functions of life
Organism
45
What are the roles of RNA
uses information from DNA to put together proteins | Only one strand of nucleotides
46
information contained in the codes of nitrogen bases
Genetic code
47
Delivers the message from DNA to the ribosome to put the amino acids together in the right order.
Messenger RNA
48
Transfers the amino acids to the ribosome to be connected to the protein by a Peptide bond
Transfer RNA
49
Globular RNA and proteins that make up the bulk of the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
50
The production of RNA using DNA as a pattern (template)
Transcription
51
sequences of bases in DNA that show RNA polymerase where to begin making RNA
Promoters
52
untwists and unzips the DNA strand
RNA polymerase
53
Connects the new RNA nucleotides to each other. The result is a new strand of RNA (Only enzyme involved in RNA transcription)
RNA polymerase
54
When the DNA says STOP, the RNA strand is released to the ribosomes to build proteins
Fact
55
sequence of DNA that does not code for a protein. This portion of RNA is cut out before the RNA leaves the nucleus
Introns
56
Sequence of DNA those code for a protein. When the introns are removed from the RNA, the exons are spliced back together
Exons
57
is read three letters at a time; each three letter “word” corresponds to a single amino acid
The genetic code
58
Set of three nitrogen bases on a mRNA strand that codes for an amino acid
Codon
59
Set of three nitrogen bases on tRNA that is complementary to the codon. This is how the tRNA knows where to bring the amino acid
Anticodon
60
the bond that holds the amino acids in a protein
Peptide bond
61
Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide, which can then be folded into a protein
Facts
62
Decoding the information from mRNA to build proteins
Translation
63
______ RNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes to deliver the message.
Messenger
64
When the mRNA gets to the ______, the ______looks for "AUG”, the universal start Codon
Ribosomes
65
Each of the ____ represents a specific amino acid or STOP. Each specific amino acid is transferred to the ribosome bythe Transfer RNA.
Codons
66
When the codon says stop the protein chain is released and heads to the ______?
Golgi body
67
Photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H2O + NRG(light) == O2 + CHO
68
Cellular respiration equation
CHO + O2 == CO2 + H2O + ATP(light)
69
Gene
Short segment of DNA on a chromosome
70
Protein
A line of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Made In the ribosomes
71
Experiment in which all variables are kept unchanged except 1.
Controlled experiment
72
The Variable that is changed between the control group and experimental group
Manipulated variable
73
What we count of measure
Responding variable
74
Polypeptide
large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of a protein molecule
75
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, Stores and transmits genetic information

Honors Biology 10 (10 decks)

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