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PCS > Unit 3 - Hormones > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are classical glands?

A

glands whose primary function is endocrine

- e.g. pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, placenta

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2
Q

what are non-classical glands?

A

glands whose primary function is not endocrine

- e.g. kidneys, brain, heart, GI tract

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3
Q

what is the difference between paracrine, autocrine and juxtacrine?

A

paracrine - neighbouring cells
autocrine - same cell
juxtacrine - cells in close contact

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4
Q

name three steroid hormones

A

cortisol, oestrogen, testosterone

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5
Q

name three peptide hormones

A

growth hormone, oxytocin, parathyroid hormone

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6
Q

name two amino acid derivative hormones

A

thyroid hormones (derived from ionated tyrosine residues), catecholamines (derived from tyrosine)

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7
Q

describe the properties of steroid hormones

A
  • cholesterol derivatives
  • receptors are in nucleus or cytosol
  • bind DNA/ transcription
  • slow effect
  • more permanent
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8
Q

describe the properties of peptide hormones

A
  • bind 2nd messengers
  • receptors are on cell surface
  • rapid effect
  • temporary
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9
Q

what is the basic pathway for endocrine feedback?

A 
hypothalamus
releasing hormone
anterior pituitary
tropic hormone
endocrine gland
hormone
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10
Q

where will negative feedback occur in basic pathway?

A
  • hormone can inhibit the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
  • tropic hormone can inhibit the hypothalamus
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11
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

inferior to hypothalamus with optic chiasm inbetween

lies in depression of sphenoid bone (sella turcica)

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12
Q

describe the structure of the gland

A

anterior/ intermediate/ posterior lobe

infundibular sterm has pars tuberalis wrapped around it forming the pituitary stalk

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13
Q

how is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamus - hypophyseal portal system originating in primary capillary plexus - long portal vessels travel down pituitary stalk to anterior lobe

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14
Q

how is the posterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

connected by nerves which originate in hypothalamus (supra-orbital nucleus/ paraventricular nucleus) -travel in axons to posterior lobe

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15
Q

which hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe and where are they stored beforehand?

A

vasopressin/ oxytocin

stored in axon terminals or Herring bodies (along with neurophysins -proteins)

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16
Q

explain the role of oxytocin for lactation

A

child sucking on mothers breast stimulates hypothalamus - supraoptic nucleus - increased nerve impulses

  • release of oxytocin from posterior lobe
  • has effect on target cells via GPCR causes increase in intracellular calcium in myoepithelial cells which activates contractile machinery to cause milk ejection
17
Q

what is another role of oxytocin?

A

uterine spasmogen (causes contractions)

18
Q

explain the role of vasopressin in kindyes

A

regulates urine osmolality and plasma osmolarity by kidney reabsorption
dehydration (increased plasma osmolarity) - detected by osmoreceptor in hypothalamus - release of ADH from posterior lobe (initiated by paraventricular nucleus) - acts on target cell via GPCR
- stimulates water reabsorption from final 1/3 of distal tubule and collecting ducts of kidneys (into plasma)
- urine volume decreases and is more concentrated = urine osmolality increases and plasma osmolarity decreases

19
Q

what type of reflex do the hormones of posterior lobe of pituitary gland produce?

A

neuroendocrine reflex

20
Q

what are the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and which cell type?

A 
gonadotrophs = LH/ FSH
corticotrophs = ACTH
thyrotrophs = TSH
lactotrophs= prolactin
somatotrophs = growth hormone
21
Q

which hormones are tropic and non-tropic?

A

tropic: FSH/ LH/ ACTH/ TSH (FLAT)

non-tropic: prolactin/ growth hormone

22
Q

what endocrine glands do the tropic hormones have an effect on?

A

ovaries/testes - FSH/ LH
adrenal glands - ACTH
thyroids - TSH

23
Q

what is the principle target of non-tropic hormones?

A

mammary glands - prolactin

bones/ skeletal muscle/ liver - growth hormone

24
Q

what are the four stimulating releasing hormones?

A

GHRH for growth hormone
GnRH for FSH/ LSH
CRH for ACTH
TRH for TSH

25
Q

what are the two inhibitory releasing hormones?

A

DA (dopamine) for prolactin

SS (somatostatin) for growth hormone

26
Q

what other hormones have an effect on extent of growth?

A

stimulate growth - excess insulin

inhibit growth - excess cortisol/ lack of thyroxine

27
Q

what are the stimulants of growth hormone?

A

stress/ exercise/ fasting/ sleep/ sex hormones/ amino acids/ hypoglycaemia

28
Q

how does growth hormone affect skeletal muscle?

A

decreases glucose uptake
increases amino acid uptake - more protein synthesis
no protein breakdown - increase muscle mass

29
Q

how does growth hormone affect adipose tissue?

A

decreases glucose uptake

increases lipolysis - so decreased fat deposits

30
Q

how does growth hormone affect liver?

A

direct effect: increase gluconeogenesis and protein synthesis: stimulate IGF production (insulin-liek growth factor)

31
Q

what are the effects of IGF-1, -2 on growth?

A

skeletal growth = cartilage formation/ bone deposition

soft tissue growth = protein synthesis/ cell proliferation

32
Q

what is somatopause?

A

rapid decline in growth hormone as age increases

33
Q

what are the effects of somatopause?

A

increased body fat
sleep disturbance
decreased lean body mass

34
Q

why do growth hormone disorders occur?

A

due to pituitary tumours secreting GH

35
Q

name and describe two disorders that occur due to excess GH

A

gigantism - abnormal growth before epiphyseal growth plate fuse - normal body proportions (EXCESS IGF)
acromegaly - abnormal growth after epiphyseal growth plate fuse - disproprtionate body proportions (ie. enlarged hands/feet, tongue, lips, heart)

36
Q

name a disorder that occur due to insufficient GH

A

pituitary dwarfism - slow growth rate - poor muscle development and excess subcutaneous fat

PCS (29 decks)

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