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A level PE > Biomechanics 1.3a > Flashcards

Biomechanics 1.3a Flashcards

1
Q

Newtons First Law - Inertia

A

-Body continues in a state of rest or velocity unless a force is acted upon it (unbalanced/external)

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2
Q

Newtons Second Law - Acceleration

A

-Bodies rate of change of momentum is proportional to the size of force applied and acts in same direction

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3
Q

Newtons Third Law - Reaction

A

-For every action there is an equal or opposite reaction

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4
Q

Example of First Law - Inertia

A
  • Golf ball still unless force applied

- Or Golf ball remain constant unless force

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5
Q

Example of Second Law - Acceleration

A

-When Golf ball struck, rate of change of momentum is proportional to size of the force acted on by club

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6
Q

Example of Third Law - Reaction

A
  • Tennis player hitting ball

- racquet exerts force and ball exerts an equal and opposite force on the racquet

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7
Q

Velocity

A

-Rate of change of displacement

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8
Q

Velocity Equation

A

-Velocity = Displacement/Time Taken

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9
Q

Momentum

A

-Quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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10
Q

Momentum Equation

A

-Momentum = mass x velocity

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11
Q

Acceleration

A

-Rate of change in Velocity

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12
Q

Acceleration Equation

A

-Acceleration = (FV-IV)/Time Taken

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13
Q

Force

A

-A push or pull that alters the state of motion of a body

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14
Q

Force Equation

A

-Force = mass x acceleration

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15
Q

What are the types of force

A
  • External (outside of body)

- Internal (Skeletal muscle)

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16
Q

What effect can force have

A
  • Create Motion
  • Accelerate a body
  • Decelerate a body
  • Change direction of a body
  • Change shape of a body
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17
Q

Net Force factors

A
  • If NF = 0
  • No change in motion, forces balanced
  • If NF present
  • Change in motion, forces unbalanced
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18
Q

External Forces and what are they divided into

A
  • Vertical forces = Weight and Reaction

- Horizontal forces = Friction and Air resistance

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19
Q

Weight force

A
  • Measured in Newtion (N)

- kg x acceleration = (m/s/s)

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20
Q

Weight definition

A

-gravitational pull that earth exerts on a body

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21
Q

Reaction definition

A

-the equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to the action force place above it

22
Q

Friction definition

A

-the force that opposes the motion of two surfaces in contact

23
Q

Net force definition

A

-sum off all forces acting on a body

24
Q

4 Factors effecting friction

A
  • roughness of ground surface
  • roughness of contact surface
  • Temperature
  • Size of normal reaction
25
Q

Example of roughness of ground surface (friction)

A

-Athletes run on rough rubber tracks

26
Q

Example of roughness of contact surface (friction)

A

-Athletes wear spiked shoes

27
Q

Example of Temperature (friction)

A

-Higher temperature increases friction

28
Q

Example of size of normal reaction (friction)

A

-shot putter high mass due to N 3rd Law

29
Q

Air resistance definition

A

-the force that opposes motion through air

30
Q

4 factors affecting air resistance

A
  • Velocity
  • Shape
  • Front cross-sectional area
  • Smoothness of surface
31
Q

Streamlining

A

-creation of smooth air flow around an aerodynamic shape to minimise air resistance

32
Q

free body diagram

A

-clearly labelled sketch showing all forces acting on a body at a particular time

33
Q

Centre of Mass

A

-the point at which an object or a body is balanced in all directions, point which weight appears to act

34
Q

Stability

A

-ability of a body to resist motion and remain at rest, also ability to withstand a force applied and return to its original position without damage

35
Q

4 Factors that effect stability

A
  • Mass of the body
  • height of COM
  • size of the base of support
  • Line of gravity
36
Q

Mass of body effect on stability

A

-greater the mass, greater inertia

37
Q

Height of COM effect on stability

A

-lower COM, greater the stability

38
Q

Size of BoS effect on stability

A
  • Greater size of BOS, greater stability

- increased by many points of contact

39
Q

Line of gravity effect on stability

A

-More central line of gravity, greater the stability

40
Q

two main functions of levers

A
  • generate muscular effort to overcome given load

- increase the speed of a given movement

41
Q

First Class lever system

A
  • fulcrum in the middle

- E-F-L or L-F-E

42
Q

Second Class lever system

A
  • Load is in the middle

- E-L-F or F-L-E

43
Q

Third Class lever system

A
  • Effort is in the middle

- L-E-F or F-E-L

44
Q

Example of first class lever system

A

-Extension of the neck when heading a football

45
Q

Example of second class lever system

A

-Ball of the foot in the take-off phase of a high jump

46
Q

Example of Third class lever system

A

-Flexion of the elbow during a biceps curl

47
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A
  • second class lever system where effort arm is greater than load arm.
  • large load can be moved with a relatively small effort
48
Q

Mechanical Disadvantage

A
  • third class lever system where load arm greater then effort arm
  • Large effort is required to move a small load
49
Q

3 examples of technology which analyses movement

A
  • Limb Kinematics
  • Force Plates
  • Wind Tunnels
50
Q

Limb Kinematics

A

-Study of movement in relation to time and speed

51
Q

Force Plates

A

-Ground reaction forces are measured in laboratory conditions

52
Q

Wind tunnels

A

-steel frame buildings containing wide fans where artificial wind is produced

A level PE (13 decks)

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