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A level PE > Biomechanics 1.3b > Flashcards

Biomechanics 1.3b Flashcards

1
Q

Linear Motion

A

-results from a direct force being applied to a body

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2
Q

5 key descriptors of Linear Motion

A
  • Distance
  • Displacement
  • Speed
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration/Deceleration
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3
Q

Distance

A

-Total length of path covered from start to finish

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4
Q

Displacement

A

-The shortest straight-line route from start to finish

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5
Q

Speed

A

-The rate of change in distance

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6
Q

Velocity

A

-The rate of change of displacement

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7
Q

Acceleration/Deceleration

A

-The rate of change in velocity

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8
Q

Distance calculation and units

A
  • Measured

- Metres (m)

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9
Q

Displacement calculation and units

A
  • Measured

- Metres (m)

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10
Q

Speed calculation and units

A
  • Speed = distance/time taken

- Metres per second (m/s)

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11
Q

Velocity calculation and units

A
  • displacement/time taken

- Metres per second (m/s)

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12
Q

Acceleration/Deceleration calculation and units

A
  • Acc/Dec = (FV-IV)/time taken

- Metres per second per second (m/s/s)

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13
Q

Distance time graph

A

-visual representation of the distance travelled plotted against time taken

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14
Q

Speed/Time graph

A

-Visual representation of the speed of motion plotted against time taken

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15
Q

Velocity/time graph

A

-Visual representation of the velocity of motion plotted against time taken

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16
Q

Angular Motion

A

-Movement of a body or part of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation

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17
Q

Eccentric Force

A

-force applied outside the centre of mass, resulting in angular motion

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18
Q

Torque

A

-Measure of the turning force applied to the body

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19
Q

3 types of Axis

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse
  • Frontal
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20
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

-Runs from top to bottom of body

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21
Q

Transverse Axis

A

-Runs from side to side of the body

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22
Q

Frontal Axis

A

-Runs from front to the back of the body

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23
Q

Example of Longitudinal Axis

A

-Full twist turn

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24
Q

Example of Transverse Axis

A

-Front somersault

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25
Q

Example of Frontal Axis

A

-Gymnast performs a cartwheel

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26
Q

3 descriptors of Angular Motion

A
  • Moment of Inertia (MI)
  • Angular Velocity (AV)
  • Angular Momentum (AM)
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27
Q

Moment of Inertia

A

-Resistance of a body to change its state of angular dis. or rate of reaction

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28
Q

Angular Velocity

A

-The rate of change in angular displacement or rate of rotation

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29
Q

Angular Momentum

A

-The quantity of angular motion possessed by a body

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30
Q

Calculation of MI and units

A
  • MI = sum (mass x distribution of mass from axis of rotation)
  • Kgm2
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31
Q

Calculation of AV and units

A
  • AV = Angular displacement/time taken

- Radians per second (rad/s)

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32
Q

Calculation of AM and units

A
  • AM = MI x AV

- kgm2/s

33
Q

2 Factors affecting moment of inertia of rotating body

A
  • Mass

- Distribution of mass

34
Q

How does Mass effect moment of inertia

A
  • Greater mass -> Greater MI

- Lower Mass -> Easier to change rate of rotation

35
Q

Example of Mass effecting Moment of inertia

A
  • High board diving

- need low mass in order to rotate

36
Q

How does Distribution of mass effect moment of inertia

A

-further mass moves from axis -> lower MI

37
Q

Example of DOM effecting Moment of inertia

A

-Tucked somersault

38
Q

MI effect on Angular Velocity if MI is high

A

-If MI is high(resistance to rotation high) -> AV is low(rate of spin low)

39
Q

MI effect on Angular Velocity if MI is low

A

-If MI is low(resistance to rotation low) -> AV is high(rate of spin fast)

40
Q

Conservation of Angular Momentum

A

-Angular momentum is conserved quantity which remains constant unless external force acted upon it

41
Q

Angular Analogue of Newton’s first law of motion

A
  • Angular equivalent of NL1

- Rotating body will continue to turn about an axis with constant AM unless acted upon by eccentric force

42
Q

Fluid Mechanics

A

-study of forces acting on a body travelling through air/water

43
Q

Four main factors that affect air resistance (AR) and drag

A

1) Velocity
2) Frontal-cross sectional area
3) Streamlining and shape
4) Surface characteristics

44
Q

How does Velocity effect AR and Drag

A

-Greater velocity -> Greater force of AR/Drag

45
Q

How does Frontal-cross sectional area effect AR and Drag

A

-Lower crouched reduces AR and Drag

46
Q

How does Streamlining and Shape effect AR and Drag

A

-More aerodynamic, the lower the AR or Drag

47
Q

How does Surface Characteristics effect AR and Drag

A

-Increased smoothness minimises Drag

48
Q

Projectile Motion

A

-movement of a body through air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity

49
Q

Projectile

A

-Body that is launched into the air losing contact with ground surface

50
Q

4 Factors effecting Horizontal distance travelled

A

1) Speed of Release
2) Angle of Release
3) Height of Release
4) Aerodynamic factors

51
Q

Speed of relate effect of Horizontal distance

A
  • NL2

- greater outgoing speed - further it will travel

52
Q

Angle of release effect on Horizontal distance

A

-45 degrees optimum angle

53
Q

Height of release effect on Horizontal distance

A

-45 degrees optimum if release and landing height equal

54
Q

Aerodynamic factors effect on Horizontal distance

A

-Bernouli and Magnus effect

55
Q

Parabolic

A

-uniform curve symmetrical about its highest point

56
Q

Parabolic flight path

A

-flight path symmetrical about its highest point caused by dominant force of weight on a projectile

57
Q

Non parabolic flight path

A

-flight path asymmetrical about its highest point caused by dominant force of AR on projectile

58
Q

When will a parabolic flight path occur

A

-If weight is dominant force and AR is very small

59
Q

When will a non-parabolic flight path occur

A

-if AR is dominant force and weight is small

60
Q

Example of parabolic flight path

A

-shot put

61
Q

Example of non-parabolic flight path

A

-badminton

62
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

-higher the velocity of air flow, lower the surrounding pressure

63
Q

Aerofoil

A
  • Streamlined shape
  • Curved upper surface
  • Flat lower surface
  • Designed to give additional lift force
64
Q

Lift Force

A

-additional force created by pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of aerofoil moving through fluid

65
Q

Angle of Attack

A

-the most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force due to Bernoulli’s principle

66
Q

Effect of aerofoil

A

-as velocity inc -> pressure decreases

67
Q

Magnus force

A

-force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air

68
Q

Slice

A

-type of sidespin use to deviate flightpath to the right

69
Q

Hook

A

-type of sidespin used to deviate flightpath to the left

70
Q

4 types of Spin

A
  • Topspin
  • Backspin
  • Sidespin hook
  • Sidespin slice
71
Q

Topspin

A
  • Eccentric force applied above COM

- Projectile spin downwards around transverse axis

72
Q

Backspin

A
  • Eccentric force applied below COM

- Projectile spin upwards around transverse axis

73
Q

Slice

A
  • Eccentric force applied right of COM

- Projectile spins left around longitudinal axis

74
Q

Hook

A
  • Eccentric force applied left of COM

- Projectile spins right around longitudinal axis

75
Q

Topspin rotation

A

-creates a downwards Magnus force, shortening flight path

76
Q

Backspin rotation

A

-creates a upwards Magnus force, lengthening flight path

77
Q

Hook Spin effect

A
  • Air flow opposes motion
  • Ball rotates to left (high velocity/low pressure)
  • Ball rotates against air flow (low velocity/high pressure)
  • Pressure gradient is formed
  • Magnus force deviates flight path to the left
78
Q

Slice Spin effect

A
  • Air flow opposes motion
  • Ball rotates to the right (high velocity/low pressure)
  • Ball rotates against air flow (low velocity/high pressure)
  • Pressure gradient is formed
  • Magnus force deviates flight path to the right

A level PE (13 decks)

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