Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OB Pathology > Intro to Fetal Echocardiography > Flashcards

Intro to Fetal Echocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

When is the most sensitive period in the 1st trimester for cardiac development?

A

3.5-6.5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the 1st organ system to reach a functional state?

A

cardiovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens at the end of the 3rd week of dev?

A

circulation of blood has begun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the 5th week of dev?

A

heart begins to beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood flow in the fetus varies in what two respects from the neonatal stage?

A
  • communication is open between the right and left sides of the heart through the fossa ovale
  • between the aorta and the pulmonary artery via the ductus arteriosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does most of the blood in the right ventricle go?

A

passes thru the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta, only a small amount goes to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there and where do they enter the LA?

A

4, posterior wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What body parts are fed via the three branches off the Ascending Aorita?

A

head, neck, upper torso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three branches off the AA?

A

Innominate artery, Left carotid artery, Left subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mixed blood in te descending aorta goes where?

A

passes into umbilical arteries and is returned to the placenta for reoxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What fetal cardiac structures are no longer necessary after birth?

A
  • foramen ovale
  • ductus arteriosus
  • ductus venosus
  • umbillical vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Omission of the placental circulation causes what?

A
  • an immediate fall of BP in iVC and RA
  • as lungs expand with air, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, causing an increase in pulmonary blood flow and thinning of the walls of pulmonary arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes the foramen ovale to close?

A

pressure in the LA is higher than that in the RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does ductus arteriosus usually constrict?

A

shortly after birth (within 24-48 hours) once left-sided pressures exceed the right-sided pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

small shunt of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What constricts after birth to prevent blood loss in neonate?

A

umbilical arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: The umbilical vein may remain patent for some time after birth?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe normal HR for 1st trimester?

A

HR begins around 90 bpm and increases to 170 bpm before returning to a normal rate and sinus rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many bpm qualifies for bradycardia?

A

<60 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bradycardia places fetus at high risk for what?

A

associated heart disease and fetal echocardiography should be performed to rule out the presence of a structural heart defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What # bpm qualifies as tachycardia?

A

> 200 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fetal risk factors indicating echocardiography (8)

A
  • presence of IUGR
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • abnormal amniocent. indicating a trisomy
  • abnorm. AF collections
  • abnorm. HR
  • anomalies detected by sonogram (like hydrops fetalis)
  • presence of extracardiac abnorm.
  • if abnorm. is found in more than one organ system
23
Q

What issues are frequently associated with congenital heart disease?

A
  • extracardiac abnormalities like renal and GI anomalies, single umbilical arteries, ect
  • abnormality located in multiple organ system
24
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias may be a common finding if they are simply:

A

extrasystoles, but a very small percentage of arrhythmias are associated with significant heart disease

25
Q

What are extrasystoles?

A

premature atrial beats secondary to immature conducting system

26
Q

What are maternal risk factors indicating fetal echocardiography?

A
  • previous occurrence of congenital heart disease in siblings or parents
  • a maternal disease known to affect the fetus, such as diabetes or CT dissease (like lupus)
  • maternal use of drugs, such as lithium or alcohol
27
Q

T/F: The incidence of congenital heart disease in fetuses whose mother have uncontrolled diabetes is much higher than when the diabetes is controlled?

A

True

28
Q

What are the most common anomalies stemming from congenital heart disease?

A
  • ventricular septal defect
  • transposition of the great arteries
  • tetralogy of Fallot
29
Q

What is the familial risk factor indicating fetal echocardiography?

A
30
Q

The recurrence risk cited given a sibling with a common cardiovascular abnormality (ventricular septal, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot) varies from:

A

2.5-3%

31
Q

The fetal survey should demonstrate what structures?

A
  • position of fetus
  • position of the fetal thorax (spine up or down, which side?)
  • position of fetal stomach
  • location of apex of heart
  • location of the abdominal aorta and IVC
32
Q

Where should the aorta be found in relation to the spine?

A

to the left, close to spine

33
Q

Where should IVC be found in relation to the spine?

A

to the right, elevated from spine

34
Q

Obstacles to obtaining an adequate image:

A
  • decreased amniotic fluid (oligohydr.)
  • unusual fetal position (spine up, trans,, or low lie in maternal pelvis)
  • maternal obesity
35
Q

8 steps to eval. fetal heart:

A
  1. document HR and rhythm
  2. assess cardiac size
  3. assess cardiac axis
  4. assess cardiac position
  5. determine situs
  6. eval. the atria
  7. eval. the ventricles
  8. eval. the AV valves
36
Q

Documentation of cardiac activity and rhythm:

A
  • presence of activity should be confirmed via Doppler or M-Mode
  • normal ranges from 120-160
37
Q

When may transient bradycardia be observed?

A

normal second trimester

38
Q

Fixed bradycardia may indicate:

A

heart block

39
Q

Persistent tachycardia may indicate what?

A

serious tachydysrhythmias

40
Q

Fixed brady and persistent tachy would warrant:

A

fetal echo to rule out structural heart defect

41
Q

How does the fetal heart lie?

A

in a horizontal position within the thorax and the apex is directed toward the left hip

42
Q

The left atrial cavity is the same size as ____

A

right atrial cavity

43
Q

The foramen opens which way?

A

toward the left atrium

44
Q

Failure of the foramen to close results in

A

atrial septal defect

45
Q

Where is the moderator band?

A

stretches horizontally across the right ventricle near the apex

46
Q

Normally the tricuspid valve is located just _______ _______ to the mitral valve?

A

slightly inferior

47
Q

Which pulmonary vein is NOT imaged in the 4 chamber view?

A

right lower vein

48
Q

How does one angle the probe to achieve the 5 chamber view?

A

angled slightly anterior from the 4 chamber view to include the left ventricular and aortic outflow tract

49
Q

Describe the criss-cross view:

A
  • probe is angled from the aorta slightly to the left, the pulmonary artery may be seen as it arises from the RV outflow tract
  • pulmonary artery normally is anterior and to the left of the aorta
  • this “sweep” from the aorta to the pulmonary artery is called criss-cross view…it allows you to see the normal relationship of the great arteries to one another
50
Q

With careful angulation to an oblique long plane, what may be assessed?

A
  • root of the aorta
  • ascending aorta
  • arch
  • descending aorta
51
Q

How does one search for the descending aorta and arch?

A

find the fetal spine in the sag. plane and angle slightly inward toward the left chest

52
Q

T/F: you should be able to demonstrate the candy cane appearance of ascending aorta, arch, and descending aorta in one plane?

A

true

53
Q

What is represented by a second arch-type pattern when probe is angled inferior to from the aortic arch?

A

patent ductus arteriosus, a communication between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that is patent during fetal life but closes shortly after birth

54
Q

T/F: The ductus is slightly larger than the aortic arch and has a sharper angle “hockey stick” as it drains into the descending aorta..and has no arterial structures arising from it.

A

True

OB Pathology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions