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KIN 311 > Respiratory Assessment > Flashcards

Respiratory Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary function testing is used to…

A

identify breathing difficulties at rest and during exercise

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2
Q

Pulmonary function testing is commonly assessed with a ______.

A

spirometer

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3
Q

Pulmonary function testing measures… while _____ and ______.

A
  • volumes (static)
  • flow (dynamic)
  • inhaling
  • exhaling
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4
Q

Functional residual capacity is a combination of…

A
  • expiratory reserve volume

- residual lung volume

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5
Q

In normal individuals, ____ of FVC can be exhaled in 1s.

A

> 70%

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6
Q

During maximal exercise, healthy individuals retain a _____ _____. They have not reached ____ _____ ____ (____% in normal individuals meaning…).

A
  • ventilatory reserve
  • total ventilatory capacity
  • ~30%
  • at the end of VO2 max, you can typically breathe 30% more
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7
Q

Why do highly trained individuals (especially females) run into problems with increased ventilation with exercise?

A
  • can’t get air out faster

- loop touches line

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8
Q

Spirometry:

A
  • resting forced vital capacity test

- FVC and FEV1

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9
Q

FEV1/FVC is a measure of…

A
  • expiratory ability and general resistance to expiration

- expressed as a %

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10
Q

Components of dynamic forced ventilation:

A
  • PL
  • Ppl
  • alveolar pressure
  • transairway pressure
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11
Q

PL:

A

pressure generated by lung recoil

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12
Q

Ppl:

A

pleural pressure generated by active inspiration or expiration

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13
Q

Alveolar pressure:

A
  • the sum of PL and Ppl

- expressed relative to atmospheric pressure

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14
Q

Transairway pressure:

A

the difference between Ppl and local alveolar pressure

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15
Q

Basic spirometry test steps:

A
  • maximal exhalation (preceded by max. inhale) ~ 6 seconds
  • sitting position (obese will have better values standing)
  • nose clips, tight seal around mouthpiece
  • exhale as forcefully as possible for as long as possible
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16
Q

End of test criteria for basic spirometry test:

A

participant can no longer exhale or plateau in exhaled flow (< 0.025L/s)

17
Q

Basic spirometry test should be repeated…

A

at least 3x (2-3 min recovery between)

18
Q

With the basic spirometry test, 2 best performances should be …

A
  • within 150 mL (for both FVC and FEV1)
  • if not continue with additional tests (up to 8x)
  • take highest values
19
Q

Healthy ratio of FEV1/FVC is…

A
  • > or equal to 85%

- < 70% represents some type of pulmonary obstruction (eg. asthma)

20
Q

Exercise spirometry is used to….

A

investigate breathing difficulties during exercise

21
Q

3 steps of exercise spirometry:

A
  1. perform resting FVC test
  2. perform a single stage exercise test of 6-8 min. duration at 80-90% of HR max (or predicted HR max)
  3. perform post-exercise FVC tests at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min.
22
Q

Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test is _____ and is used for someone who ….

A
  • standardized

- can’t do exercise

23
Q

Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test is designed to mimic …

A

an exercise challenge

24
Q

Steps for eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test:

A
  • perform resting FVC test
  • perform 6 minutes of hyperventilation (air + 5% CO2)
  • tidal volume fixed at 85% of TLC or FEV1
  • breathing rate fixed at 30 bpm
  • perform post-exercise FVC tests at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min.
25
Q

A drop in FEV1 ___% from pre-exercise value indicates….

A
  • 10%

- exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB)

26
Q

EIB:

A
  • narrowing of bronchi due to smooth muscle contraction

- can be induced by exercise, heavy breathing, cold dry air, “bad air”

27
Q

If FEV1 is reduced by ____% or more, you may have ….

A
  • exercise induced asthma (EIA)

- additional medical tests required

28
Q

EIA/EIB is higher in athletes involved in ____ _____.

A

water sports

29
Q

Emphysema is aka…

A

pink puffer

30
Q

What happens with emphysema?

A
  • alveolar membranes break down

- structural damage to the alveoli

31
Q

What happens with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • bronchi are inflamed

- constriction of airway

32
Q

How are alveoli affected with smoking? What does this lead to?

A
  • harmful particles trapped in alveoli
  • inflammatory response triggered
  • inflammatory chemicals dissolve alveolar septum
  • large air cavity lined with carbon deposits formed
  • chronic lung damage
33
Q

COPD stands for:

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

34
Q

3 steps of COPD pathophysiology:

A
  1. breakdown and loss of lung tissue/structure
  2. narrowing and compression of small airways
  3. airway obstruction (mucus)
35
Q

With COPD, elevated _____ means it is harder to _____ volume.

A
  • resistance

- exhale

36
Q

Describe COPD inspiration and expiration:

A
  • inspiration is pretty much the same

- expiration: high resistance, scooping = COPD, airway obstruction

37
Q

Small loop spirometry =

A
  • small individual

- or blockage (airways are fine, but only one part is working)

38
Q

Look at spirometry variations:

A

*

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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