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KIN 311 > Physical Activity > Flashcards

Physical Activity Flashcards

1
Q

Physical activity:

A

bodily movement generated by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure (heat production)

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2
Q

EE divisions:

A
  • non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

- voluntary PA

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3
Q

Metabolic energy (heat) =

A

kcal = energy required to heat 1 kg of water 1 degree C

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4
Q

1 kcal =

A

200-250 mL O2

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5
Q

Metabolic cart measures…

A

oxygen uptake (use) and carbon dioxide production

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6
Q

What type of calorimetry is metabolic cart?

A

indirect

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7
Q

Metabolic chamber measures…

A
  • oxygen uptake (use) and carbon dioxide production
    OR
  • heat production
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8
Q

What type of calorimetry is metabolic chamber?

A
  • can be direct
  • If they measure heat production, it is direct
  • If they measure how much oxygen is used overtime, it is indirect
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9
Q

Doubly labelled water technique measures…

A

Accurately measures oxygen uptake (use) and carbon dioxide production

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10
Q

What type of calorimetry is doubly labelled water technique?

A
  • indirect

- Long term measure estimate of O2 and CO2

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11
Q

2 ways to classify EE:

A
  • METs

- FIT

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12
Q

MET:

A
  • metabolic equivalent of task

- amount of oxygen consumed at rest

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13
Q

METs normalizes…

A

the metabolic demand of a given activity/across activities

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14
Q

1 MET =

A

~ 3.5 mL O2/kg/min

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15
Q

FIT stands for:

A
  • frequency
  • intensity
  • time
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16
Q

FIT is used to calculate/tally….

A

TEE over time

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17
Q

PA is a complex construct, with ____ hours and many different ____ ____.

A
  • 24 hours

- movement behaviours

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18
Q

Sitting:

A

a position in which one’s weight is supported by one’s buttocks rather than one’s feet, and in which one’s back is upright

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19
Q

Passive sitting:

A

< or equal to 1.5 METs

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20
Q

Active sitting:

A

> 1.5 METs

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21
Q

Lying:

A

being in a horizontal position on a supporting surface

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22
Q

Passive lying:

A

< or equal to 1.5 METs

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23
Q

Active lying:

A

> 1.5 METs

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24
Q

Standing:

A

a position in which one has or is maintaining an upright position while supported by one’s feet

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25
Q

Passive standing:

A

< or equal to 2.0 METs

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26
Q

Active standing:

A

> 2.0 METs

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27
Q

Sedentary behaviour:

A

any waking behaviour characterized by an EE < or equal to 1.5 METs while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture

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28
Q

What is not considered sedentary behaviour?

A
  • standing

- sleeping

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29
Q

Physical inactivity:

A

an insufficient PA level to meet present PA recommendations

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30
Q

Movement behaviours are not _____ _____. There are many categories such as…

A
  • mutually exclusive
  • sedentary and inactive
  • sedentary and active
  • inactive, not sedentary
  • active, not sedentary
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31
Q

Reasons to measure PA levels:

A
  • direct relationship with disease endpoints
  • indirect relationship with disease through the effects of activity on diet or body weight
  • ability to study PA patterns, determinants, and barriers in different groups
  • more relevant for a wider segment of the population
  • to evaluate PA interventions
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32
Q

Recent recommendations have shifted from…

A
  • higher intensity to moderate intensity

- Moderate intensity lifestyle PA can contribute to health similar to structured exercise

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33
Q

Sedentary activity METs:

A

0-1.5 METs

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34
Q

Light PA METs:

A

1.5-3 METs

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35
Q

Moderate PA METs:

A

3-6 METs

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36
Q

Vigorous PA METs:

A

6-8 METs

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37
Q

PA assessments should include both _____ and _____.

A
  • weekdays

- weekends

38
Q

Use _____ and _____ assessment methods.

A
  • reliable

- valid

39
Q

Reliable:

A
  • reproducible

- giving the same results for a given amount of PA

40
Q

Valid:

A

accurately measures what it is intended to measure

41
Q

Pros of self reporting:

A
  • ease of use (implementing/scoring)
  • inexpensive
  • easy to deliver on large scale
42
Q

Cons of self reporting:

A
  • social desirability
  • memory/recall
  • familiarity with terminology
43
Q

IPAQ =

A

international PA questionnaire

44
Q

IPAQ:

A
  • developed over past 15+ years
  • short and long version for epidemiological and research purposes
  • many validation studies (normative data) across a variety of populations
  • translated into 15+ languages
  • incorporates sedentary behaviours
  • large range of validity (various groups/tasks) in comparison objective measures
45
Q

Subjective assessment:

A

self-report measures of PA

46
Q

2 examples of subjective assessments:

A
  • diary

- questionnaire

47
Q

3 examples of objective assessments:

A
  • pedometers (step counters)
  • accelerometers
  • HR monitors
48
Q

Pedometers detect _____ ____ of the body and record a ____ when ____ _____ exceeds a threshold value.

A
  • vertical accelerations
  • step
  • vertical accelerations
49
Q

Pedometers are accurate for….

A

recording the number of steps taken and distance walked

50
Q

Pedometers increase reliability for ….

A

faster walking and running paces

51
Q

Pedometer accuracy is affected by …

A

walking or running surface

52
Q

With pedometers, the relationship between ____ ____ and ____ ____ strongest for _____ intensity activities.

A
  • step counts
  • energy expended
  • moderate
53
Q

With pedometers, ___ ____ is more accurate than _____ ____.

A
  • step count

- kilocalorie estimates

54
Q

Problems with pedometers:

A
  • decrease sensitivity if tilted away from the vertical plane
  • for obese, may fail to record steps at slow walking speeds if the belt is tilted
55
Q

How to mediate problems with pedometers:

A

ankle devise (StepWatch 3) is sensitive enough to detect frail, slow, shuffling steps

56
Q

Accelerometers measure movement based on _____ and _____ of the body.

A
  • acceleration

- deceleration

57
Q

Accelerometers can be worn on the ____ or ____.

A
  • trunk

- limbs

58
Q

Accelerometer measurements are proportional to ____ _____.

A

muscular forces

59
Q

Most accelerometer results are in proportion to ____ ____.

A

EE

60
Q

Accelerometers provides….

A
  • frequency
  • intensity
  • time
61
Q

Accelerometers takes best types measure in 3 planes:

A
  • vertical
  • horizontal
  • mediolateral
62
Q

Advantages of accelerometers:

A
  • small size and ability to record data over long periods of time
  • ability to download data and to segment PA time periods
  • same accelerometer can be worn repeatedly by different participants
63
Q

Limitations of accelerometers:

A

requires more time and resources than a pedometer

64
Q

Limitations of accelerometers: ____ expertise, ______, and ______ are needed to _____, ______, _____, and ____ data.

A
  • technical
  • hardware
  • software
  • calibrate
  • input
  • download
  • analyze
65
Q

Limitations of accelerometers: single-plane models may not accurately detect movement from activities such as….

A
  • bicycling
  • weightlifting
  • swimming
66
Q

Limitations of accelerometers: unable to detect increased activity level resulting from ….

A
  • upper body movement
  • carrying a long
  • surface changes (eg. hills)
67
Q

Limitations of accelerometers: equations that estimate EE may not apply to….

A

free-living situations

68
Q

HR is linearly related to…

A

VO2 during submaximal aerobic activities

69
Q

HR monitor advantages:

A
  • good method of PA assessment
  • very practical in the field
  • able to store data (estimation of frequency, intensity, and time of PA for days-weeks)
70
Q

Indirect calorimetry is highly correlated (___) with ____ monitoring.

A
  • 0.87

- HR

71
Q

Stronger correlation with ______ vs calorimetry for _____ activities.

A
  • accelerometers

- lifestyle

72
Q

Wearing an ____ and an ____ _____ together may improve ____ estimation and classification of time spent in light, moderate, and hard activity.

A
  • accelerometer
  • HR monitor
  • EE
73
Q

Limitations of HR monitors:

A
  • HR is increased by temp, humidity, high altitude, and these may result in overestimation of EE
  • emotional state, hydration status, type of contraction (static vs dynamic), and the amount of muscle mass recruited will affect HR, independent of PA level
74
Q

Some monitors use a combination of _____ and _____ signals to predict/calculate EE, such as….

A
  • accelerometer
  • physiological
  • SenseWear Armband
  • Actiheart
75
Q

GPS can provide accurate assessments of _____, ranging from ____ ____ to ____ ____:

A
  • speed
  • slow walking to fast running
  • may be used indoors or outside
  • cannot use for stationary activity (eg. biking)
76
Q

____ sensors embedded into clothing with wearable ___ _____ may be useful in the future.

A
  • physiologic

- digital camera

77
Q

Advantages of subjective measures:

A
  • relatively inexpensive
  • easy to administer
  • data collected for many individuals
  • can be ascertained with a few questions
78
Q

Disadvantages of subjective measures:

A
  • inaccurate recall
  • fails to accurately capture all types of activity (eg. moderate, lifestyle, and occupational activity)
  • not recommended for children younger than the age of 10 years old
79
Q

Advantages of objective measures:

A
  • not subject to recall error
  • small and lightweight
  • unobtrusive
80
Q

Disadvantages of objective measures:

A
  • specific types of activity not assessed (eg. water sports, arm exercise, inclined walking)
  • extraneous variables may affect results
  • usually more expensive than questionnaires
81
Q

Guidelines for infants (aged less than 1 year):

A
  • physically active several times daily

- particularly through interactive floor-based play

82
Q

Guidelines for toddlers (aged 1-2 years) and preschoolers (aged 3-4 years):

A
  • accumulate at least 180 min. of PA at any intensity spread throughout the day
  • variety of activities in different environments
  • activities that develop movement skills
  • progression toward at least 60 min. of energetic play by 5 years of age
  • more daily PA provides greater benefits
83
Q

Caregivers should minimize the time infants, toddlers, and preschoolers spend being _____ during ____ hours. This includes…

A
  • sedentary
  • waking
  • prolonged sitting or being restrained (eg. stroller, high chair) for more than 1 hour at a tiime
84
Q

For those under ___ years, screen time is not recommended.

A

2

85
Q

For children ____ years, screen time should be limited to under ____ hour/day, less is better.

A
  • 2-4 years

- 1

86
Q

4 parts of 24 hour movement guidelines for children and youth (5-17):

A
  • sweat
  • step
  • sleep
  • sit
87
Q

Sweat guidelines for children and youth:

A
  • accumulation of at least 60 min/day of MVPA involving a variety of aerobic activities
  • vigorous PA and muscle and bone strengthening activities should each be incorporated at least 3 days/week
88
Q

Step guidelines for children and youth:

A

several hours of a variety of structured and unstructured light PA

89
Q

Sleep guidelines for children and youth:

A
  • uninterrupted 9-11 hours of sleep/night for those aged 5-13 years
  • uninterrupted 8-10 hours/night for those aged 14-17 years
  • consistent bed and wake-up times
90
Q

Sit guidelines for children and youth:

A
  • no more than 2 hours/day of recreational screen time

- limited sitting for extended periods

91
Q

Guidelines for adults (18-64):

A
  • accumulate at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic PA per week, in bouts of 10 minutes or more
  • beneficial to add muscle and bone strengthening activities using major muscle groups at least 2 days/week
  • more PA provides greater health benefits
92
Q

Guidelines for older adults (65+):

A
  • accumulate at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic PA per week, in bouts of 10 minutes or more
  • beneficial to add muscle and bone strengthening activities using major muscle groups, at least 2 days/week
  • those with poor mobility should perform PA to enhance balance and prevent falls
  • more PA provides greater health benefits

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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