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KIN 311 > Body Composition > Flashcards

Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Body composition focuses on techniques to measure…

A
  • body fat
  • lean body mass
  • fat free mass
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2
Q

Direct body composition:

A
  • chemical analysis

- cadaver analysis

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3
Q

Indirect body composition:

A
  • hydrostatic weighing
  • skinfolds
  • BIA
  • etc.
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4
Q

Body composition is the separation of ____ ____ into _____ _____.

A
  • bodily tissues

- quantifiable compartments

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5
Q

____ compartment model is most common.

A

2

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6
Q

2 compartment model divides body into:

A
  • fat vs FFM (essential

- fat removed) or lean body mass (includes essential fat)

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7
Q

Nonessential fat is….

A

adipose tissue

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8
Q

Essential fat is….

A

intra organ/muscle/other tissues

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9
Q

FFM and LBM includes…

A
  • muscle
  • bone
  • organs
  • etc.
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10
Q

Fat has a density of _____g/ml.

A

0.900 g/ml

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11
Q

FFM has a density of ______ g/ml.

A

1.100 g/ml

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12
Q

Why can there be error with 2 compartment model?

A

assuming fat and FFM density

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13
Q

Multiple compartment models:

A

models that account for more than 2 body compartments

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14
Q

The greater number of body compartments accounted for, the greater the…

A

reduction of error

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15
Q

Example of multiple compartment model:

A
  • Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
  • 3 compartments: fat, soft tissue, bone
  • the measurement of bone density significantly reduces the error associated with amount of variation in bone density among individuals (aging)
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16
Q

Hydrostatic weighing is based on _____ ____.

A

Archimedes’ Principle

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17
Q

Archimedes’ Principle:

A
  • any object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
  • not to be confused with the volume of fluid displaced by an object
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18
Q

For hydrostatic weighing, we must know….

A
  • residual volume
  • density of water
  • trapped gas (GI)
  • dry body weight
  • submerged body weight
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19
Q

Residual volume is calculated based on…

A
  • height
  • age
  • sex
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20
Q

Density of water varies with _____.

A

temperature

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21
Q

Trapped gas (GI) is approximated to be ____ mL.

A

100 mL

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22
Q

Dry body weight is with…

A
  • minimal clothing

- minimal trapped air

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23
Q

Submerged body weight is with…

A
  • same clothes

- minimal trapped air

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24
Q

Minimum equipment required for hydrostatic or underwater weighing technique:

A
  • body of water
  • accurate hanging scale
  • thermometer
  • water density table/calculator
  • may need weights to assist with submersion
  • body density (BD) calculation
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25
Q

BD =

A

dry weight / [((dry weight - wet weight) / water density) - total gas volume]

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26
Q

Procedure for hydrostatic weighing:

A
  • full end expiration and submersion for 5-10s
  • minimize movement
  • repeat 5-10 times
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27
Q

Several formulas have been derived by a variety of research to predict _____ from BD.

A

% body fat

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28
Q

% body fat can be used to calculate…

A
  • fat mass (kg)

- lean body mass (% or kg)

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29
Q

Siri (1961):

A

% fat = (4.95/BD) - 4.50 * 100

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30
Q

Brozek (1963):

A

% fat = (4.57/BD) - 4.142 * 100

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31
Q

Lohman (1986):

A

% fat = (5.3/BD) - 4.89 * 100

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32
Q

Limitations of hydrostatic weighing:

A
  • assumption of the constant density of body fat and LBM
  • assumption of the magnitude of trapped air: GI tract, lung, body cavity
  • variability in body mass determination
  • number of trials performed
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33
Q

Possible ____% (_____) error in body fat prediction is possible due to the variability in the density of ____ ____ ____ in women.

A
  • 19% (relative)

- LBM

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34
Q

Possible ____% (_____) error in body fat prediction based on the variability in ____ volumes alone.

A
  • 8% (relative)

- lung

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35
Q

How is variability in body mass determination a limitation?

A

in air, things such as hydration/dehydration, nutritional status can influence calculation

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36
Q

Accuracy of hydrostatic weighing is enhanced if ____ trials are done.

A

9-10

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37
Q

Hydrostatic weighing: if all factors are carefully controlled, repeated measurement of % fat from UW varies approx _____.

A
  • +/- ~3%

- range 2.5-3.8%

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38
Q

Reliability of hydrostatic weighing:

A
  • can be good

- test/retest r = 0.98

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39
Q

In hydrostatic weighing, there is limited ____ measurements done, so ____ is difficult.

A
  • direct

- validity

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40
Q

Hydrostatic weighing as an _____ measure is considered to be ____.

A
  • indirect

- valid

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41
Q

BodPod is aka…

A

air displacement plethysmography

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42
Q

BodPod uses the same theory as ____ _____, but uses ____ _____.

A
  • hydrostatic weighing

- air displacement

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43
Q

BodPod is _____.

A

automated

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44
Q

In BodPod, we need to minimize ____ _____ (…) but not full _____.

A
  • air displacement (clothing, swim cap)

- expiration

45
Q

BodPod can be used in many _____.

A

populations

46
Q

BodPod: Concurrent validity with UWW:

A

r = 0.94

47
Q

BodPod: test-retest reliability:

A

r = 0.96

48
Q

DEXA =

A

Dual Energy X ray Absorption

49
Q

DEXA is a 3 compartment model:

A
  • lean soft tissue
  • fat soft tissue
  • bone
50
Q

DEXA uses a ____ type of radiation to scan the whole body, and can provide ____ data with respect to fat distribution.

A
  • low

- regional

51
Q

DEXA: inter-day reliability:

A

r = 0.90 to 0.99

52
Q

DEXA: concurrent validity with UW:

A

r = 0.90

53
Q

DEXA: claim is that the error is less than ____% for fat.

A

~3%

54
Q

Limitations of DEXA:

A
  • relatively expensive
  • need technical certification (Alberta) to operate
  • due to radiation, cannot be used in some populations (pregnancy)
  • can only accommodate individuals of a certain size
  • metallic implants will interfere with measurements
  • other radiological tests may interfere with measurements/results
55
Q

MRI assumes a __ compartment model:

A
  • 3
  • lean soft tissue
  • fat, soft tissue
  • bone
56
Q

MRI uses a high frequency ____ ____ to ____ molecules.

A
  • magnetic field

- vibrate

57
Q

MRI can provide very fine ____ (____) data with respect to fat distribution.

A

spatial (regional)

58
Q

____ is the most accurate determination of body composition.

A

MRI

59
Q

MRI is considered by many as the new ___ ____.

A

gold standard

60
Q

Limitations of MRI:

A
  • very expensive
  • limited accessibility
  • limitations with respect to size of individuals (bone diameter)
61
Q

Skinfolds measure…

A

the thickness of fat-folds including the skin at various sites around the body that can be anatomically land-marked

62
Q

Skinfolds can be used as a ____ of various sites and can be used in a formula to predict ____ or ____ ____.

A
  • sum
  • % fat
  • body density
63
Q

Major assumptions of skinfolds:

A
  • the choice of sites are representative of total body fat

- subcutaneous fat is related to total body fat

64
Q

Skinfolds: Equations for predicting body fat generally work 2 ways:

A
  1. sum of skinfolds is directly entered into a formula that predicts % fat
  2. sum of skinfolds is entered into a formula to predict body density, then can be used in same formulas as hydrostatic weighing for predicting % fat
65
Q

Limitations of skinfolds:

A
  • need consistency with respect to land-marking of site and amount of fat pinched
  • time taken to read measure and finger pressure
  • # of sites measured for sum or prediction of % fat formula
66
Q

If all factors are carefully controlled: % fat from skinfolds varies approx. ___% but is usually higher.

A

+/- 5%

67
Q

Skinfolds is recommended using techniques that include ____ and ____ _____ skinfolds.

A

upper and lower body

68
Q

Variability in skinfolds:

A

type of caliper used and jaw tension

69
Q

3 types of calipers:

A
  • Harpenden
  • Lange
  • Slim guide
70
Q

A ___% difference between Harpenden vs Lange calipers has been reported.

A

10%

71
Q

Skinfods: spring load of jaw should be ___ gm/mm^2.

A

8-10

72
Q

Skinfolds are a ____ ____ method.

A

doubly indirect

73
Q

Are skinfolds reliable?

A

can be depending on technique

74
Q

Skinfolds test retest reliability of …

A

r =

75
Q

Skinfolds are not recommended for…

A
  • people with BMI greater than 30

- otherwise can be used with a variety of individuals

76
Q

BIA:

A

bioelectrical impedance

77
Q

Advantages of BIA:

A
  • easy to use
  • non-invasive
  • practical
  • fast
78
Q

BIA uses …

A

a low level electrical current

79
Q

BIA measures the _____.

A

impedance (opposition to current flow)

80
Q

BIA: since water/electrolytes conduct ____ ____ with ____ impedance, tissues with more water (eg. ___) have _____ opposition to current flow.

A
  • electrical current
  • less
  • muscle
  • lower
81
Q

BIA: the greater the resistance to current flow, the greater the….

A
  • fat content

- since fat has lower water/electrolyte content

82
Q

Limitations of BIA:

A
  • numerous assumptions many of which may be questionable
  • requires strict adherence to pre-test guidelines
  • validity is questionable
  • reliability is varied r = 0.66-0.94
  • different manufacturers use different formulas for determining % fat
83
Q

BIA: pre-test guidelines:

A
  • no eating or drinking within 4 hours of test
  • no exercise within 12 hours
  • must urinate within 30 minutes
  • no alcohol within 48 hours
  • no diuretic type medications within 7 days
  • no testing at certain days of the menstrual cycle
  • body position important, arms away from sides, legs apart/not crossed
84
Q

Near-infrared interactance measures….

A
  • optimal density of near-infrared light of 2 wavelengths for the bicep of the dominant arm
  • at the 2 wavelengths used, fat absorbs light and LBM reflects light
85
Q

With near-infrared interactance, a ____ measures the difference between….

A
  • sensor

- amount of light emitted and reflected back

86
Q

Near-infrared interactance uses formulas that have a variety of _____ to predict % fat.

A

assumptions

87
Q

Near-infrared interactance has ___estimation of body fat up to ___% and is worse in _____ clients.

A
  • underestimation
  • 10%
  • obese
88
Q

Near-infrared Interactance: _____ is questionable; ____ can be good.

A
  • validity

- reliability

89
Q

Both CSEP CPT and AFLCA CFT recommend ____ and ____ to evaluate anthropometrics as opposed to _____ _____.

A
  • BMI
  • WC
  • body composition
90
Q

What factors should be consider when choosing which techniques to use?

A
  • consider validity and reliability of technique
  • application with respect to performance or health
  • practicality and cost
  • risk
91
Q

Anthropometrics and body composition may be changing naturally in some populations such as…

A
  • normal development and maturity

- pregnancy

92
Q

With children, _____ growth can be calculated with respect to population based _____.

A
  • standardized

- means

93
Q

With children, ____ indicate how many ____ a value is from the mean.

A
  • z-scores

- standard deviations

94
Q

Children: ______ represent where a values places with respect to the entire _____.

A
  • percentiles

- distribution

95
Q

PHV:

A
  • peak height velocity

- the maximum rate of growth in stature during the growth spurt

96
Q

PHV is determined using charting of…

A
  • height
  • sitting height
  • arm span
97
Q

PHV can be used by ____ for tracking ____ ____ of children and allows _____ of training fitness components around _____.

A
  • coaches
  • developmental age
  • planning
  • growth
98
Q

Formula to predict maturity offset:

A

how long until (or after) a child reaches PHV

99
Q

Age of PHV =

A

age + maturity offset

100
Q

Weight by height ratio =

A

(weight/height) * 100

101
Q

Pregnancy: when excess weight is gained, most of the excess will be laid down as ____ ____ and ____ ____.

A
  • body reserves

- heavier baby

102
Q

Body composition is very important for ___ ____ (___) and _____ (_____).

A
  • general population (health)

- athlete (performance)

103
Q

Consider _____, _____, _____ etc. if selecting formula-based outcome measurements.

A
  • population
  • age
  • gender
104
Q

Consider if anthropometrics/body comp are dynamic based on _______.

A

population (children/pregnancy)

105
Q

Consider ____ data availability.

A

normative

106
Q

Report ____ with measurement.

A

variability

107
Q

Ensure good _____.

A

technique

108
Q

Do not succumb to technology without ____ _____.

A

research support

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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