Sleep

Question 1

reticular formation

Answer 1

The Reticular Formation is the oldest part of the brain.
It forms a diffuse, multisynaptic, net-like meshwork
(reticulum) of widely interconnected neurons in the
Tegmentum

Question 2

monamine centers

Answer 2

locus ceruleus- NE
substantia niagra and Ventral tegmentum nu- dopamine
raphe nu.- serotonin

Question 3

RF influences all acsending pathways T/F

Answer 3

T

Question 4

RF has a key role in this mechanism or theory ?

Answer 4

Gate

Question 5

Retcicular Activating system

Answer 5

ignition system of the brain

Question 6

Two Mechanism that excite and facilitate the RAS:

Answer 6

Two Mechanism that excite and facilitate the RAS:
Sensory pathways
Cortex itself (bi-directional connections  between cortex and thalamus).

Question 7

RAS helps mediate transitions from

Answer 7

RAS helps mediate transitions from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high attention.

Question 8

The primary sleep/wake oscillators are ?

Answer 8

The primary sleep/wake oscillators: temperature, light

Question 9

(SCN) ?

Answer 9

The Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains a biological clock that governs some circadian rhythms.

Question 10

SCN projects, via multiple synapses, which are ?

Answer 10

SCN projects, via multiple synapses, to the Locus Coeruleus (LC), and the Ventro-Lateral Pre-Optic (VLPO) area of the hypothalamus: two critical structures for sleep-wake regulation

Question 11

sleep is defined by what behavioral activities

Answer 11

reduced motor activity,
decreased response to stimulation
stereotypic postures (in humans, for example, lying down with eyes closed)
Relatively easy reversibility (distinguishing it from coma, hibernation).

Question 12

2 states of sleep

Answer 12

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
A relatively inactive yet actively regulating brain in a movable body

→Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
	A highly activated brain in a paralyzed body

Question 13

Importance of sleep

Answer 13

restitution of of brain function and autonomous function, energy saving, and brain growth

Question 14

stage 1 NREM

Answer 14

Transition from alpha to theta waves on EEG
Is a light sleep, easily responsive to sounds
Typically lasts from 1 to 7 minutes
Hypnic Myoclonus may occur
eyes make slow rolling movements

Question 15

Hypnic myoclonus

Answer 15

jerking in sleep

Question 16

stage 2 of NREM

Answer 16

Sleep Spindles and K complexes
Bodily movements continue
Lasts usually 10-25 minutes during first cycle
Constitutes 45-55% of sleep
Probably initiates 0.5 F temperature reduction through the Hypothalamus
Eye movements almost stop

Question 17

Stage 3 of NREM

Answer 17

As delta waves first appear , sleep spindles and K complex occur, but are less common compare to stage II.
Lasts 10 minutes during the first cycle
Represents only 7% of the total night sleep.
stable vital signs
little movement
sleep walking & talking in humans
enuresis

Question 18

Enuresis

Answer 18

bed wetting

Question 19

stage 4 of NREM

Answer 19

High voltage Delta waves now predominate in EEG
Breathing, her rate, blood pressure and temperature are all reduced under the influence of parasympathetic nervous system
Psychologically probably the stage that tells a person he has slept.
Sleep walking (somnambulism)
Night terrors
Skeletal muscles still active!

Question 20

HALLUCINATION VS DREAMS

Answer 20

Auditory > Visual
Not volitionally guided
Interferes with the stream of thought
VS
Usually during REM sleep
Visual > Auditory
“Lucid” Dreams can be thematically guided

Question 21

coma

Answer 21

fails to respond to a strong stimulus from disruption of RAS pathways (thalamic or hypothalamic to cortex) or from bilateral impairment of the cortex