adrenal

Question 1

adrenal medulla leads to:

Catecholamine release?/

Answer 1

adrenal medulla leads to:
Catecholamine release
Epinephrine 80% (main catecholamine released by the adrenal medulla)
Norepinephrine 20%

Question 2

chatecholamine will function to

Answer 2

Stimulates the “fight or fight” reaction
Increased plasma glucose levels
Increased cardiovascular function
Increased metabolic function
Decreased gastrointestinal and genitourinary function

Question 3

Two primary enzymes are involved in the degradation of catecholamines:

Answer 3

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

Question 4

Norepinephrine is degraded by MAO and COMT after ?

Answer 4

Norepinephrine is degraded by MAO and COMT after uptake into the presynaptic terminal.

Question 5

]the predominant fate of adrenal catecholamines is ?

Answer 5

However, the predominant fate of adrenal catecholamines is methylation by COMT in nonneuronal tissues such as the liver and kidney.

Question 6

each section makes..
zona glomerulosa -
fasciculata -
reticularis-

Answer 6

aldosterone
cortisol
DHEA-dehydroepiandosterone

Question 7

First two reactions in the steroidogenic pathway:

Answer 7

First two reactions in the steroidogenic pathway:

1. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
2. Conversion of pregnenolone (P5) to progesterone (P4) in zona fasciculata cells.

Question 8

Adrenal Cortex:zona fasciculata: Steroid Hormone Production 1 pathway

Answer 8

LDL (or any other lipopotein that caries cholesterol will attach to it’s receptor

2. Lysosomal acid hydrolase will convert cholesterol ester to free ester
3. free ester will go into mito. with help of StAR
4. FC will become pregnenolone(p5) with help of CPY11A1
5. P5 will become progestrerone (P4) By 3beta HSD

Question 9

StAR

Answer 9

steroid acute regulatory protein

Question 10

CPY11A1

Answer 10

Cleavage :FC to P5

Question 11

3 Beta HSD

Answer 11

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase : p5 to p4

Question 12

explain metabolic action of normal stress vs chronic stress

Answer 12

normal: increase cortisol, and decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio leads to increase in epi and nore epi …. will cause increase in gluconeogenesis and protein synthesis and fatty acid release

chronic : increase in cortisol and increase and insulin/glucagon ratio leads to DECREASE in epi and norepi…. will cause increase in appetite and glycogen synthesis and decrease in lipid release

Question 13

cotisol role in metabolic effects

Answer 13

Enhances gluconeogenesis, lipolysis & ketogenesis

Question 14

cortisol role in cardiovascular effects

Answer 14

Cardiovascular
Maintain output; increase arteriole tone
Decrease endothelial permeability

Question 15

cortisol role in cns effects

Answer 15

CNS Effects
Alters circadian rhythms & calcium balance
Affects memory, learning & mood

Question 16

cortisol role in inflammatory response

Answer 16

Inhibits inflammatory responses including the febrile response (anti-inflammatory)
Depresses the immune response

Question 17

cortisol role in renal and connective tissue

Answer 17

Renal
Increase glomerular filtration, & water clearance
Connective tissue
Inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation.

Question 18

Glucocorticoid analogues are used as __in organ transplants.

Answer 18

Glucocorticoid analogues are used as immunosuppressantsin organ transplants.

Question 19

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 19

Hypercortisolism adults (Cushing’s syndrome)
Tumors (pituitary or adrenal)
Iatrogenic (physician caused)

Question 20

Androgen hypersecretion

Answer 20

Androgen hypersecretion

Adrenogenital Syndrome, Hirsutism & Precocious pseudopuberty

Question 21

addison’s

Answer 21

Hyposecretion of cortisol

Question 22

immunosuppresent therapy can cause

Answer 22

causes the zona fasciculata to atrophy after 3 weeks

Question 23

T/F

androgens are responsible for negative feedback when stimulated by ACTH

Answer 23

False cortisol is

Question 24

CYP11B1

Answer 24

blocks cortisol production

Question 25

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 25

when CYP11B1 blocks cortisol, which increases ACTH and adrenal androgens

Question 26

how is congenital adrenal hyperplasia tested

Answer 26

by levels of 17hydroxyprogesterone

Question 27

Complete failure to secrete aldosterone leads to

Answer 27

Complete failure to secrete aldosterone leads to death (dehydration, low blood volume).

Question 28

Hyperaldosteronism:

Answer 28

Hyperaldosteronism: Contributes to hypertension associated with increased blood volume.