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3rd year anatomy > lower limb > Flashcards

lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the hip joint

A

weight bear

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2
Q

what joins the pelvic girdle anteriorly and posteriorly

A

anterior - pubic symphis

posterior - sacroiliac joints

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3
Q

what are most trauma patients assumed to have

A

pelvic fracture

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4
Q

what are the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibulas longus and brevis

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5
Q

what forms the floor of the popliteal fossa

A

knee joint capsule / posterior surface of femur

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6
Q

where is shentons line (fractured neck of femur)

A

medial edge of the femoral neck and the inferior edge of the superior pubic ramus

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7
Q

what parts of the femur form the know joint

A

medial and lateral condyles

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8
Q

where does the external iliac become the femoral artery

A

under inguinal ligament entering removing triangle

mid ASIS and pubic symphis

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9
Q

what are the dynamic soft tissue constraints of the knee

A

quadriceps, hamstrings, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, popliteus

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10
Q

what muscle does the fibular nerve supply directly

A

short head of the biceps femoris

superficial - lateral compartment, deep - anterior compartment

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11
Q

what lies between the tibia and the fibula

A

interosseous membrane

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12
Q

which surface of the ilium provides attachment of the gluteal muscles

A

external surface

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13
Q

what nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris

A

femoral nerve

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14
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum longus

A

tibial nerve

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15
Q

what is the function of the iliofemoral ligament

A

prevents hyperextension of hip joint

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16
Q

what does the sacrospinous ligament run between

A

sacrum to ischial spine

forms greater sciatic foramen

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17
Q

what is the most common vein to have varicose veins

A

great saphenous

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18
Q

what is the innervation of the piriformis

A

nerve to piriformis

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19
Q

what are the actions of the sartorius

A

flex, abduct and rotate hip

flex knee

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20
Q

does the sciatic nerve have a direct sensory function

A

no - but terminal common fibular and fibular do

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21
Q

how does varicose veins occur

A

incompetent valves in the deep veins cause blood to flow back into the superficial veins, increasing intra-luminal pressure causing them to become dilated and torturous

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22
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior leg

A

popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus

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23
Q

what test is performed to assess the anterior cruciate ligament

A

anterior drawer test - pull tibia forwards and if it moves the ligament is torn

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24
Q

what is the only muscle of the deep posterior compartment of the leg to act on the knee

A

popliteus

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25
Q

what muscle does the lumbar plexus sit in

A

psoas major on posterior abdominal wall

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26
Q

what type of joint is the hip

A

synovial ball and socket

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27
Q

what makes the hip joint more stable than the shoulder

A

multi-axial

deeper socket

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28
Q

what are the anterior and posterior margins of the iliac crest

A

ASIS - anterior superior iliac spine

PSIS - posterior superior iliac spine

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29
Q

what are the 3 different bones of the foot

A

tarsals
metatarsal - connect phalanges to tarsals
phalanges - toes

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30
Q

what 2 bones articulate in the subtalar joint

A

calcaneus (superior surface) and

talus (inferior surface)

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31
Q

how will damage to the fibular nerve present

A

foot drop - lose ability to dorsiflex foot at the ankle joint foot permanently plantar flexed
loss of sensation over dorsal of foot and lateral side of leg

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32
Q

what is the innervation of the semimembranosus

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve

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33
Q

what are the actions of the popliteus

A

laterally rotates femur on the tibia - unlocking the knee joint in extension

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34
Q

what are the 3 main groups of deep lymph nodes in the lower leg

A

anterior tibial, posterior tibial , fibular

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35
Q

what are the actions of the tibialis posterior

A

inverts and plantar flexes the foot

maintains medial arch of foot

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36
Q

what muscles medially rotate the knee

A

semimembranous, semitendinous, graciles, sartorius, popliteus

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37
Q

what passes through the obturator foramen

A

obturator nerve, artery and vein

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38
Q

what spinal roots are tested by the calcanea tendon reflex

A

S1-2

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39
Q

what are the attachments of flexor hallucis longus

A

posterior surface of fibula to plantar surface of phalanx of the great toe

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40
Q

what is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament

A

prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

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41
Q

what hole does the obturator nerve pass through on the lateral wall

A

obturator foramen

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42
Q

what joint joins the left and right hip bones

A

pubic symphis

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43
Q

what is the action of the posterior leg muscles

A

plantar flex and invert the foot

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44
Q

what does the obturator nerve terminate as

A

pierces fascia lata to become cutaneous branch of obturator nerve

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45
Q

what is the function of the collateral knee ligaments

A

stabilise hinge motion of knee - preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

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46
Q

what are the main functions of the pelvis

A

transfer weight from upper axial skeleton to lower
attatchment of muscles and ligaments
protects pelvic viscera

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47
Q

what are the attachments of the rectus femoris

A

originates from ilium just superior to acetabulum
runs straight down leg
attaches to patella by quadriceps femoris tendon

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48
Q

what is the longest muscle in the body

A

sartorius

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49
Q

what type of joint is the distal tibio-fibular joint

A

syndesmosis fibrous joint

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50
Q

what is the innervation of the pectineus

A

femoral nerve

- may also receive a branch from obturator nerve

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51
Q

what is the superior border of the femoral triangle

A

inguinal ligament (runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle)

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52
Q

what muscle attaches to the lesser trochanter

A

illiopsoas

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53
Q

where does the long head of the biceps femoris originate

A

ischial tuberosity of pelvis

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54
Q

which of the tibia and fibula is more lateral

A

fibula

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55
Q

where is the lateral ligament of the ankle

A

lateral malleolus - 3 ligs to tibia, talus, calcaneus

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56
Q

what is the primary action of the medial ligament

A

resist over-eversion of the foot

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57
Q

what is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament

A

precent anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur and hyperextension of the knee

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58
Q

what binds the tibia and fib together

A

interosseous membrane

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59
Q

what layer of plantar muscles do the tendon os flexor digitorum longus pass through

A

2nd

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60
Q

what is a strangulated hernia

A

hernia with a compromised blood supply (compressing on vessel)

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61
Q

what is the appearance of the plantaris

A

mostly long tendon

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62
Q

what is the common function of the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

eversion - turning the sole of the foot outwards

also weakly plantar flex the ankle joint

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63
Q

what may occur if there is damage to the medial circumflex femoral artery

A

avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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64
Q

what 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas

A

psoas major

iliacus

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65
Q

what are the attachments of the iliopsoas

A

psoas major- lumbar vertebrae
iliacus - iliac fossa
to lesser trochanter of femur

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66
Q

what are dynamic factors that maintain the integrity of the foot arches

A

intrinsic muscles of the foot
long flexor tendons
tendon of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus

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67
Q

what is the largest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve - 2cm wide

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68
Q

which is the largest, most superficial of the gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maximus

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69
Q

what branch of the femoral artery is given off in the femoral triangle

A

profunda femoris

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70
Q

which is the most lateral of the hamstrings

A 
biceps femoris 
(then semitendonous)
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71
Q

what is fascia defined as

A

sheet or band of fibrous tissue lying deep to the skin that lines, invests and separates structures within the body

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72
Q

what are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament

A

anterior intercondylar region of tibia to intercondylar fossa of femur

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73
Q

where is the dorsalis pedis pulse best felt

A

dorsal of foot lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

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74
Q

what is the innervation of the gluteus minimis

A

superior gluteal nerve

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75
Q

what nerve innervates all medial thigh muscles

A

obturator nerve (L2-4)

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76
Q

what are the attachments of the tibialis posterior

A

interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula (posterior)
posterior to medial malleolus
plantar surface of medial tarsal bones

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77
Q

what are the actions of extensor digitorum longus

A

extension of the lateral 4 toes

dorsiflexion of the foot

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78
Q

what are the attachments of the piriformis

A

anterior surface of sacrum
through greater sciatic foramen
greater trochanter of femur

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79
Q

what nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg

A

superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)

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80
Q

where does the popliteal artery birfucate

A

lower border of popliteus

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81
Q

what are the 3 parts of the hip bone

A

ilium
pubis
ischium

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82
Q

what is a patents true leg length measured between

A

ASIS to medial malleolus

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83
Q

what is the action of the flexor hallucis longus

A

flexes great toe

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84
Q

what are the actions of the gastrocnemius

A

plantar flexes at the ankle joint

flex knee

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85
Q

who sustains most neck of femur fractures

A

elderly population with osteoporotic bones after low energy fall

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86
Q

what are the attachments of the medial (tibial) collateral ligament

A

medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia

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87
Q

what is the major articulation of the knee joint

A

femoral condyles

tibial platueau - in between the medial and lateral condyles of tibia

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88
Q

what is the innervation of the each part of the adductor magnus

A

adductor - obturator nerve

hamstring - tibial component of sciatic nerve

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89
Q

what are the actions of the gemelli

A

lateral rotation and abduction

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90
Q

where do all the superficial muscles of the posterior leg insert

A

calcaneus of the foot (heel bone) via the calcanea tendon

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91
Q

what 3 things unite on the posterior surface of the knee to form the popliteal vein

A

anterior tibial vein
posterior tibial vein
fibular vein

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92
Q

how would you test the power of the tibias anterior

A

ask patient to stand on heel

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93
Q

list the tarsal bones

A 
talus
calcaneus
navicular 
cuboid 
3 cuneiforms
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94
Q

what are the attachments of extensor digitorum brevis

A

calcaneus to long extensor tendons of four lateral digits

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95
Q

what movements can happen at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

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96
Q

what arteries supply the gluteal region

A

superior and inferior gluteal - branches of internal iliac

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97
Q

why does a popliteal artery aneurysm impact the other structures in the fossa

A

popliteal fascia is tough and non-extensible

e.g. tibial nerve

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98
Q

which bones of the foot articulate with the metatarsals (tarsi-metatarsal joint)

A

cuboid and 3 cuneiforms

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99
Q

what is the main action of the superficial gluteal muscles

A

abduct and extend the femur at the hip joint

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100
Q

what is the sensory function of the tibial nerve

A

via sural nerve - posterolateral leg + lateral side of foot

sole of the foot - medial calcaneal branches, medial and lateral plantar nerve

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101
Q

where do the superficial inguinal nodes receive lymph from

A

penis, scrotum, perineum, buttock and abdominal wall

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102
Q

what side of the leg is the small saphenous vein

A

posterior

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103
Q

what is pes planus

A

flat foot - loss of longitudinal arches

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104
Q

where is the femoral pulse felt

A

midway between pubic symphis and anterior superior iliac spine (mid inguinal point)

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105
Q

why can pain from the knee be referred to the hip and vice versa

A

innervated by the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves

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106
Q

what direction does the sartorius run down the thigh in

A

inferomedial

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107
Q

what are the attachments of semimembranosus

A 
ischial tuberosity (superior to biceps femoris/ semitendonosus) 
medial tibial condyle
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108
Q

how do the deep gluteal muscles help to stabilise the hip joint

A

pull femoral head into acetabulum

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109
Q

what muscle does the sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region directly inferior to

A

piriformis

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110
Q

what is the point of an adductor canal block with LA

A

sensory anaesthesia for procedures involving the distal things and femur, knee and lower medial side

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111
Q

what movements are possible at the hip joint

A

flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
lateral rotation, medial rotation

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112
Q

what is the innervation of extensor hallucis brevis

A

deep fibular nerve

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113
Q

what is the innervation of the fibularis longus

A

superficial fibular nerve

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114
Q

where is the adductor canal

A

thigh, extends from apex of femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus (15cm long)

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115
Q

what are the 3 muscles in the 1st layer of plantar foot muscles

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

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116
Q

what does the head of the femur articulate with

A

acetabulum of pelvis

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117
Q

what is the fascia lata

A

deep fascial investment of the whole thigh musculature and is analogous to a strong, extensible and elasticated stocking

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118
Q

what are the 4 main pulse points in the lower limb

A

femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis

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119
Q

what are the actions of tensor fascia lata

A

flex, abduct and internal rotate the hip

tenses fascia lata

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120
Q

what are the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament

A

posterior intercondylar region of tibia to anteromedial femoral condyle

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121
Q

what tissue in the ls a popular choice for transplantation

A

facia late

well vascularised, high concentration of connective tissue fibres

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122
Q

what muscles in the gluteal region does the sciatic nerve cross

A

superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris
(enters posterior thigh bu passing deep to long head of biceps femoris)

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123
Q

which of the ankle ligaments is known as the deltoid ligament

A

medial

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124
Q

what is a complication if an intracapsular hip joint fracture

A

avascular necrosis - medial femoral circumflex artery damaged

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125
Q

what foramen doest the sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region through

A

greater sciatic foramen

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126
Q

what are the most superficial contents of the popliteal fossa

A

tibial and common fibular nerve (branches of the sciatic nerve)

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127
Q

what can the superficial lymphatic vessels of the legs be divided into

A

medial - follow great saphenous vein to sub inguinal nodes

lateral - small saphenous to popliteal nodes

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128
Q

what is the innervation of the soleus

A

tibial nerve

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129
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior aspect of the thigh

A

hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranous

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130
Q

is the ankle joint more stable in dorsiflexion or plantarflexion

A

dorsiflexion

malleolar grip stronger as anterior talus held

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131
Q

what is the innervation of the tibias anterior

A

deep fibular nerve

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132
Q

what is the first major branch of the lumbar plexus

A

iliohypogastric nerve (L1) - innervates internal obliques and transverses abdominaux

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133
Q

what are the attatchments of gracilis

A

inferior pubic rami to medial surface of tibia

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134
Q

what is the innervation of the fibularis brevis

A

superficial fibular nerve

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135
Q

what is the order of the structures behind the medial malleolus from anterior to posterior

A 
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
posterior tibial vein 
tibial nerve 
flexor hallucis longus
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136
Q

what 3 things are involved in the unhappy triad of the knee

A

medial collateral ligament rupture
medial meniscus tear
ACL tear

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137
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle lateral to medial

A

femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
NAV Y VAN

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138
Q

what 2 nerves innervate all the muscles in the plantar aspect of the foot

A

medial plantar or lateral plantar nerve (both branches of tibial nerve)

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139
Q

what covers the head of the femur giving it a smooth surface

A

articular cartilage

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140
Q

what is the bony projection on the medial distal tibia

A

medial malleolus

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141
Q

what is the fascial compartment in the femoral triangle

A

femoral sheath

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142
Q

what are the actions of the piriformis

A

lateral rotation

abduction

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143
Q

what is the function of the posterior and anterior sacroiliac ligaments

A

connect spine to pelvis

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144
Q

which ligament creates the greater sciatic foramen

A

sacrospinous

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145
Q

what is the innervation of extensor digitorum brevis

A

deep fibular nerve

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146
Q

what are the actions of the pectineus

A

adduction and flexion at the hip joint

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147
Q

what forms the roof of the popliteal fossa

A

popliteal fascia and skin

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148
Q

what is the innervation of the superior gemelli

A

nerve to obturator internus

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149
Q

what does the femoral vein change into at the adductor hiatus

A

popliteal vein

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150
Q

what are the 4 signs of osteoarthritis of the knee

A

osteophytes
loss of joint space
subchondral cysts
subchondral sclerosis

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151
Q

which muscles does the obturator nerve innervate (L2-4)

A

medial compartment of the thigh - adductor longus/ magnus/ brevis, gracilis, obturator externus

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152
Q

what are the actions of the tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

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153
Q

what 4 bursa communicate with the knee

A

suprapatellar
prepatella
infra patella
semimembranous (posterior)

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154
Q

what connects the greater and less trochanter of the femur anteriorly

A

intertrochanteric line

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155
Q

what is the only part of the head of femur not covered in articular cartilage

A

fovea for the ligament of the head of femur

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156
Q

what are the static soft tissue constraints of the knee

A 
collateral ligaments 
cruciate ligament 
capsule 
meniscii 
ITB
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157
Q

how many phalanges are in each foot

A

14

3 on each toe and 2 on big toe

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158
Q

what are the superficial muscles in the gluteal region (abductors and extensors)

A

glut maximus
glut medius
glut minimis
tensor fascia lata

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159
Q

what are the attachments of the obturator externus

A

membrane of obturator foramen
passes under neck of femur
attaches to greater trochanter

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160
Q

which of the ankle ligaments is weaker

A

lateral

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161
Q

which muscle divides the gluteal region into superior and inferior

A

piriformis - through greater sciatic foramen

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162
Q

which surface of the ilium has the iliac fossa

A

inner surface

concave shave, illiacus muscle

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163
Q

what are the 2 parts of the adductor magnsu muscle

A

adductor and hamstring

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164
Q

what shape is the gluteus medius

A

fan shaped

lies between gluteus medium and minimis

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165
Q

what does the inferior ischial ramus combine with to got the ischiopubic ramus

A

inferior pubic ramus

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166
Q

what are the actions of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint

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167
Q

where on the fibula would you find the common fibular nerve

A

posterior and lateral surface

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168
Q

where is the soleus in relation to the gastrocnemius

A

deep

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169
Q

what is the main extensor of the knee

A

quadriceps femoris

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170
Q

what is the obturator artery a branch of

A

internal iliac artery

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171
Q

what muscles extend the knee

A

quadriceps femoris

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172
Q

what are the attachments of the plantaris

A

lateral supracondylar line of the femur

tendon runs down leg between gastrocnemius and soleus to calcaneal tendon

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173
Q

what are the 2 major causes of a swelling in the popliteal fossa

A

bakers cyst

popliteal artery aneurysm

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174
Q

when does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein

A

adductor canal

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175
Q

what is the function of the pubofemoral ligament

A

prevents excessive abduction and extension

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176
Q

what are the roots of the obturator nerve

A

L2, 3, 4

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177
Q

which is more prominent, the lateral or medial malleolus

A

lateral

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178
Q

why is the femoral artery suitable for procedures such as coronary angiography

A

located superficially within the femoral triangle so is easy to access

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179
Q

what nerve innervates the skin of of the gluteal region

A

iliohypogastric

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180
Q

what is the subtler joint between

A

talus and calcaneus

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181
Q

where is the pubofemoral ligament

A

superior pubic rami and intertrochanteric line of femur, reinforcing the capsule anteriorly and inferiorly

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182
Q

what do the quadriceps femurs attach to distally

A

form patella tendon that attaches to the patella

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183
Q

what are the attachments of the fibularis brevis

A

inferolateral surface of the fibular shaft - tendon joins with fibular longus into foot
posterior to lateral malleolus to tubercle on metatarsal V

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184
Q

what is the iliotibial tract

A

longitudinal thickening of the fascia lata - strengthened posteriorly bu fibres from the gluteus maximus

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185
Q

what is the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa

A

biceps femoris

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186
Q

is the fibula part of the knee joint

A

no

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187
Q

what muscles does the sciatic foramen innervate

A

tibial - posterior compartment of thigh, posterior compartment of leg, sole of foot
common fibular - short head of biceps femoris, anterior and lateral compartments of leg and extensor digitorum brevis

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188
Q

what prevents the pelvis from dropping each time a limb is lifted off the ground

A

contraction of the contralateral abductors

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189
Q

what are features of a tibial nerve compression

A

weakened or absent plantar flexion

paraesthesia of foot and posterolateral leg

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190
Q

what are the 3 main extra capsular ligaments of the hip joint

A

iliofemoral (y shape, strongest)
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

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191
Q

when do the arches of the foot usually develop

A

at 2-3

babies have flat feet + subcutaneous fat

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192
Q

where does the biceps femoris tendon insert

A

head of fibula

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193
Q

what muscles adduct the hip joint

A

adductor longus/ brevis/ magnus

pectineus, gracilis, obturator externus

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194
Q

what part of the calcaneus bone does the achilles tendon attach to

A

calcanea tuberosity

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195
Q

what is the difference in the innervation of the heads of the biceps femoris

A

long - tibial part of sciatic nerve

short - common fibular part of sciatic nerve

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196
Q

what is the innervation of the gluteus maximus

A

inferior gluteal nerve

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197
Q

what is the innervation of the inferior gemelli

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

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198
Q

what tendon does the common fibular nerve follow

A

biceps femoris tendon

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199
Q

what is the innervation of the tibialis posterior

A

tibial nerve

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200
Q

what is the socket made by the tibia and fibula that connects to the talus called

A

mortise

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201
Q

what is the only bone in the thigh

A

femur

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202
Q

where do the extrinsic muscles of the foot arise

A

anterior, lateral and posterior compartments of the leg - mainly responsible for eversion, inversion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

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203
Q

which of the ankle ligaments is weaker

A

lateral

resists inversion so more likely to be damaged

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204
Q

what are the two facets on the posterior surface of the patella and what do they articulate with

A

medial facet - medial condyle of femur

lateral facet - lateral condyle of femur

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205
Q

where does the sciatic nerve birfucate

A

apex of popliteal fossa

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206
Q

what is a characteristic sign of damage to the superior gluteal nerve

A

trendelenburg sign

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207
Q

what ligament attaches to the intertrochanteric line

A

iliofemoral ligament

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208
Q

what are the attachments of the abductor hallucis

A

medial tubercle of calcaneus

proximal phalanx of big toe

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209
Q

is the flexor digitorum longus longer then flexor hallucis longus

A

no

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210
Q

what is the action of the hamstrings

A

extend hip

flex knee

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211
Q

what increases the range go flexion of the hip joint

A

knee flexed

relaxed hamstring muscles

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212
Q

what is an anatomical landmark for the common fibular nerve

A

fibularis longus - small space where the muscle originates from the head and the neck of the fibula

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213
Q

what is the sensory function of the ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

A

supplies skin on upper middle thigh
males - root of penis, anterior scrotum
females - mons pubis, labia majora

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214
Q

what is the innervation of the flexor hallucis longus

A

tibial nerve

215
Q

which is the most common way for the hip to be displaced

A

posterior

affected limb becomes shortened and medially rotated

216
Q

what is the action of the talus

A

transmit forces from the tibia to the calcaneus

217
Q

what is the dermatome of the little toe

A

S1

218
Q

what indentation is there on the posterior side of the ilium

A

greater sciatic notch

219
Q

where is the greater trochanter of the femur

A

most lateral projection of bone

anterior aspect , just lateral to neck

220
Q

what muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate

A

lateral compartment of the leg - fibularis longus and brevis

221
Q

what are the actions of the foot lumbricals

A

flex at metatarsophalangeal joint

extend interphalangeal joint

222
Q

what muscle does the sacral plexus sit anterior to

A

piriformis

223
Q

what vein does the small saphenous vein empty into

A

popliteal vein - in popliteal fossa

224
Q

what 2 joints does the gracilis muscle cross

A

hip and knee

225
Q

where does the small saphenous vein empty into the popliteal vein

A

popliteal fossa - pierces popliteal fascia

226
Q

what is the innervation of the adductor longus, magnus and brevis

A

obturator nerver L2-4

227
Q

what is the action of the adductor longus

A

adduction of the thigh

228
Q

what is the action of flexor digitorum longus

A

flexes lateral 4 toes

229
Q

what is the RICE protocol for treating muscle strain

A

rest, ice, compression, elevation

230
Q

what would be seen in damage to the tibial nerve

A

loss of plantar flexion
loss of toe flexion
weakened inversion - tibialis anterior can still weakly invert

231
Q

where does the great saphenous vein terminate

A

drains into femoral vein immediately inferior to inguinal ligament

232
Q

what are the 3 main articulations of the hip joint

A

sacroiliac joint - sacrum
pubic symphis -
hip joint - head of femur

233
Q

what injury sustains a calcaneal tendon rupture

A

forceful plantar flexion of the foot

234
Q

what is the bony projection at the distal lateral surface of the fibula

A

lateral malleolus

235
Q

what would happen to the knee if you removed a menisci

A

become arthritic

236
Q

what are the attatchments of extensor hallucis longus

A

medial surface of fibular shaft

tendon attaches to base of distal phalanx of the big toe

237
Q

what is enclosed by the superior and inferior pubic rami

A

obturator foramen

238
Q

what is the sensory function of the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve

A

skin on anterolateral surface of leg and dorsal aspect of foot

239
Q

what ligament supports the contents of the femoral triangle during flexion of the hip

A

inguinal ligament

240
Q

what is the deepest muscle in the deep compartment of the leg

A

tibialis posterior

241
Q

what are the actions of obturator externus

A

adduction and lateral rotation of thigh

242
Q

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle

A

medial border of sartorius

243
Q

what forms the roof of the femoral triangle

A

fascia lata

244
Q

what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

femoral nerve (L2-4)

245
Q

what is the action of the semitendonous

A

flex leg at knee joint
extension of thigh at hip
medially rotates thigh at hip joint and leg at knee joint =

246
Q

what is the innervation of the fibulas tertius

A

deep fibular nerve

247
Q

which muscle does the semitendonous cover most of

A

semimembranous

248
Q

what are the attachments of the gluteus maximus

A

gluteal (posterior surface) of ilium. sacrum and coccyx

to iliotibila tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur

249
Q

what are the attachments of extensor hallucis brevis

A

calcaneus to proximal phalanx of great toe

250
Q

what are the actions of the extensor hallucis longus

A

extension of great toe

dorsiflexion of foot

251
Q

what is the innervation of the sartorius

A

femoral nerve

252
Q

what is the innervation of the gluteus medius

A

superior gluteal nerve

253
Q

what are the actions of the quadratus plantae

A

assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

254
Q

is the medial or lateral epicondyle of the knee bigger

A

medial

255
Q

what part of the hip bone is most inferior/ posterior

A

ischium

256
Q

what forms the floor of the femoral triangle

A

pectinous, iliopsoas and adductor longus muscles

257
Q

what is the femoral artery a continuation of

A

external iliac artery

258
Q

what are the attachments of fibulas tertius

A

originates with extensor digitorum longus then tenon attaches to metatarsal V

259
Q

what is the course of the pudendal nerve in the pelvis

A

leaves through the greater sciatic foramen and re-enters through the lesser sciatic foramen

260
Q

what is the innervation of the popliteus

A

tibial nerve

261
Q

where does each section of the adductor magnus arise

A

adductor - inferior rami of pubis to linea aspera of femur

hamstring - ischial tuberosity to adductor tubercle of femur

262
Q

what is a positive trendelenburg sign

A

patient asked to stand unassisted on each leg - pelvis drops on unsupported leg
(see at level of iliac crests)

263
Q

what divisions form the sacral plexus

A

anterior rami of S1,2,3,4

some L4 and L5

264
Q

what are the attachments of flexor digitorum longus

A

medial surface of the tibia to plantar surface of lateral 4 digits

265
Q

what is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint

A

ligament of head of femur - runs form acetabulum to fovea of femur
encloses artery of head of femur

266
Q

what is the sensory function of the obturator nerve (L2-4)

A

innervates skin over medial thigh

267
Q

which muscles plantarflex the ankle joint

A

posterior compartment of the leg - gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior

268
Q

what does foot eversion and inversion help walking on

A

uneven ground

269
Q

what muscles flex the knee

A

hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, poplitues

270
Q

what are the actions of the gluteus maximus

A

extensor of thigh

lateral rotation

271
Q

where can you palpate the tendons of EDL

A

dorsal surface of foot

272
Q

where is the lesser trochanter of the femur

A

posterior, medial side

inferior to neck-shaft junction

273
Q

what muscles flex the hip joint

A 
iliopsoas
rectus femoris 
sartorius 
pectineus 
tensor fascia lata 
gracilis
274
Q

what are the attatchments of the soleus muscles

A

soleal line of the tibia

calcaneal tendon

275
Q

where are the superficial veins of the leg located

A

subcutaneous tissue

276
Q

what part of the pubic bones form the acetabulum

A

superior pubic ramus

277
Q

what are the actions of the soleus muscle

A

plantar flex foot at ankle joint

278
Q

what structure does the ilioinguinal nerve pass through

A

superficial inguinal ring

279
Q

what are the sensory functions of the femoral nerve

A

anterior cutaneous branch - skin on anterior thingh

saphenous branch - medial side of leg

280
Q

what is the ankle joint between

A

talus, tibia and tibia

281
Q

what is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament

A

prevents hyperextension and hold femoral head in acetabulum - spiral orientation becomes tighter when joint is extended

282
Q

what are the root values of the sciatic nerve

A

L4- S3

283
Q

what are the 2 major superficial veins of the lower limb

A

great saphenous

small saphenous

284
Q

what forms the most distal row of tarsal bones

A

cuboid and 3 cuneiforms

285
Q

what nerves innervate the ankle joint

A

tibial and deep fibular

286
Q

where does the vastus intermedius originate

A

anterior and lateral femoral shaft

287
Q

what are the 5 muscles in the medial compartment of the leg

A 
gracilis 
obturator externes 
adductor brevis 
adductor longus 
adductor magnus
288
Q

what type of joint is the ankle

A

synovial hinge

289
Q

what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve

A

S2, 3, 4

290
Q

what is the motor function of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)

A

cremasteric muscle (genital branch)

291
Q

what are the attachments of the gemelli

A

superior - ischial spine
inferior - ischial tuberosity
both attach to greater trochanter

292
Q

what is the sensory function of the pudendal nerve

A

penis and clitoris and most of the skin of the perineum

293
Q

what bones form the ankle joint

A

tibia, fibula, talus

294
Q

where does the small saphenous vein terminate

A

drains into popliteal vein in popliteal fossa

295
Q

how does the popliteal vein enter the thigh

A

adductor canal

296
Q

what type of joint is the proximal tibio-fibular joint

A

synovial plane

297
Q

what are the attachments of the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

A

lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral condyle of tibia

298
Q

what is the mid point of the inguinal ligament

A

halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle

299
Q

what is the popliteal fossa

A

fat filled diamond shape found on posterior side of the knee

main path that structure move from thigh to leg

300
Q

what is the innervation of the plantaris

A

tibial nerve

301
Q

what is the most anterior part of the hip bone

A

pubic bone

302
Q

when does the femoral vein become the external iliac vein

A

under inguinal ligament

303
Q

what are passive factors that maintain the integrity of the foot arches

A 
shape of united bones 
plantar aponeurosis 
long plantar ligament 
short plantar ligament 
spring ligament - calconeonavicular
304
Q

what is in the femoral canal

A

deep lymph nodes and lymphatic vessel

305
Q

what separates the 3 parts of the hip bones before puberty (15-17)

A

triradiate cartilage

306
Q

which foramen does the piriformis travel through

A

greater sciatic foramen

307
Q

what are the attachments of the popliteus

A

posterior surface of proximal tibia

lateral condyle of femur/ lateral meniscus

308
Q

what 2 extrinsic muscles of the foot are on the dorsal surface

A

extensor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

309
Q

where is flexor digitorum brevis in relation to abductor hallucis and abductor digit minimi

A

middle

310
Q

what are the motor functions of the pudendal nerve

A

skelteal muscles in perineum
external urethras sphincter
external anal sphincter
levator ani

311
Q

what separates the lateral meniscus from the posterior cruciate ligament

A

tendon of popliteus

312
Q

what is the main action of the deep gluteal muscles

A

laterally rotate

313
Q

what are the contents of the adductor canal

A

femoral artery
fermoral vein
nerve to vastus medialis
the saphenous nerve (cutaneous branch of femoral nerve)

314
Q

what type of bone is the patella bone

A

sesamoid bone - position within the quadricep tendon

315
Q

what are the actions of actions extensor digitorum brevis

A

aids extensor digitorum longus in extending lateral 4 toes

316
Q

what part of the tibia articulates to the fibula proximally

A

lateral condyle

317
Q

what are the sensory functions of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)

A

genital branch - skin of anterior scrotum in males, skin over mons pubis and labia majora in females
femoral branch - skin on the upper anterior thigh

318
Q

what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg

A

deep fibular nerve (l4-5)

319
Q

what are the motor functions of the femoral nerve

A

anterior thigh muscles
hip flexors - illaicus, pectineus, sartorius
knee extensors - quadriceps femoris

320
Q

what is the deepest muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

extensor hallucis longus

321
Q

what symptoms would be seen in obturator nerve damage

A

weka adduction of the thigh

paraesthesia on the medial aspect of the thigh

322
Q

what is the popliteal fascia continuous with

A

fascia lata of the leg

323
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

tibialis naterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

324
Q

what artery is the dorsalis pedis artery a continuation of

A

anterior tibial

325
Q

what muscle produces inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint

A

tibialis anterior

326
Q

what is a Potts fracture

A

bimalleolar +/- distal tibia fracture

327
Q

how can the sartorius flex both the knee and the hip

A

spiral around thigh from anterior hip to posterior knee

328
Q

where is the tibial tuberosity

A

anterior surface of proximal tibia inferior to condyles

329
Q

what is the largest muscle in the medial compartment

A

adductor magnus

posterior to others

330
Q

what occurs in DDH and what are the clinical features

A

acetabulum too shallow

  • limited abduction
  • leg length discrepancy (affected shorter)
  • asymmetrical gluteal or thigh skin folds
331
Q

which bone forms the ischial tuberosities (sit on)

A

ischium

332
Q

what are the attatchments of the adductor longus

A

pubis to linea aspera of the femur

333
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A

synovial hinge (modified/ bicondylar)

334
Q

where does the vastus medialis originate

A

intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera

335
Q

what vein drains into the femoral vein within the femoral triangle

A

great saphenous vein

336
Q

where does the head of femur articulate to form the hip joint

A

acetabulum

337
Q

what side of the leg iso the great saphenous vein

A

medial

338
Q

what are the 4 signs of osteoarthritis on xray

A

osteophytes
loss of joint space
subchondral cysts
subchondral sclerosis

339
Q

what is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata

A

superior fascia lata

340
Q

where is the anaesthetic injected in an obturator nerve block

A

inferior to pubic tubercle and lateral to the tendon of the adductor longus muscle
(used in pain for lower limb surgery to chronic hip pain)

341
Q

what are the 6 major nerves of the lumbar plexus

A 
obturator nerve (L2-4)
femoral nerve (L2-4)
iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
genitofemoral nerve (L1-2) 
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2,3)
342
Q

what does antalgic gait result from

A

pain on weight bearing

343
Q

what is the main extensor of the hip joint

A

gluteus maximus

344
Q

what is adductor canal compression syndrome

A

entrapment of the neuromuscular bundle within the adductor canal
hypertrophy of adjacent muscles such as vests medialis
claudication (artery) or neurological (saphenous)

345
Q

what divisions make up the lumbar plexus

A

anterior rami of L1,2,3,4

some T12

346
Q

what may cause a talus neck fracture

A

excessive dorsiflexion of foot

347
Q

what depend the acetabulum

A

acetabulum labrum - fibrocartilaginous collar

348
Q

what are the attachments of the fibularis longus

A

superior/ lateral surface of the fibula and the lateral tibial condyle
tendon descends into the foot posterior to lateral malleolus
attaches to medial cuneiform and metatarsal I

349
Q

where does the ligamentum teres attach

A

fovea of head of femur

350
Q

what muscles does the tibial nerve innervate

A

posterior compartment of leg
superficial - plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius
deep - popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

351
Q

what are the actions of the gluteus minimis

A

abducts and medially rotates the lower limb

secures pelvis during locomotion

352
Q

which is the most superficial muscle of the posterior leg

A

gastrocnemius

353
Q

what are the attachments of the obturator internus

A

pubic + ischium at obturator foramen
travel through lesser sciatic foramen
attaches to greater trochanter of femur

354
Q

what is the mid- inguinal point

A

halfway between ASIS and centre of pubic symphis (femoral artery palpated)

355
Q

what is the sensory function of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1-3)

A

skin on posterior surface of thigh and leg

skin of perineum

356
Q

what is the main extensor of the thigh

A

gluteus maximus

357
Q

where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate

A

anterior and lateral thigh down to the knee

358
Q

how is the limb positioned in a neck of femur fracture

A

shortened and externally rotated lower limb

359
Q

what is the innervation of the extensor digitorum longus

A

deep fibular nerve

360
Q

which muscles dorsiflex the ankle

A

anterior compartment of leg - tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

361
Q

what is the action of the fibularis longus

A

eversion and platarflexion of the foot

also supports lateral and transverse arches of the foot

362
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the quadriceps

A

vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
rectus femoris

363
Q

what angle is the neck of femur to the shaft and why

A

135 - increased range of movement

364
Q

what are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve

A

L4, 5, S1, S2, S3

365
Q

what are actions of the biceps femoris

A

mainly flex knee

also extends thigh at the hip and laterally rotates the hip and knee

366
Q

what nerve innervates the gastrocnemius

A

tibial nerve

367
Q

what is different about the main actions of the fibula and tibia

A

fibula doest weight bear

368
Q

what are the actions of the gracilis muscle

A

adduction of thigh at hip

flexion of leg at knee

369
Q

whst nerve is compressed in tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

tibial nerve

deep to flexor retinacula

370
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the hip joint

A

medial and lateral circumflex - branches of profunda femoris

371
Q

what ridge of bone marks the posterior shaft of tibia

A

soleal line

372
Q

what are the attachments of the semitendonous muscle

A

ischial tuberosity to medial surface of the tibia

373
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the posterior leg

A

gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus

374
Q

what connects the greater and less trochanter of the femur posteriorly

A

throchanteric crest

375
Q

what are the three compartments of the thigh

A

anterior
medial
lateral

376
Q

what are the actions of flexor digitorum brevis

A

flex lateral 4 digits at proximal interphalangeal joints

377
Q

what is attached on the plantar surface of the navicular

A

tibialis posterior tendon

378
Q

what is the action of the fibularis brevis

A

eversion of the foot

379
Q

what muscles laterally rotate the hip (external)

A

biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis

380
Q

what side of the foot is abductor digiti minimi

A

lateral

381
Q

what is the action of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

extended leg at knee joint

382
Q

what ligament is the medial meniscus attatched to

A

medial collateral ligament (tibial) - tear together

383
Q

where is the medial ligament of the ankle

A

medial malleolus - 4 different ligaments to the talus, calcaneus and navicular

384
Q

what are the attachments of extensor digitorum longus

A

lateral condyle of tibia/ medial surface of fibula

tendon travels to dorsal foot and splints into 4 - each toe

385
Q

what is the innervation of the quadratus plantae

A

lateral plantar nerve

386
Q

which foramen does the obturator internus travel through

A

lesser sciatic foramen

387
Q

what is a bursa

A

synovial fluid filled sac, found between moving structures in a joint with the aim of reducing wear and tear

388
Q

what is the dermatome of the medial knee

A

L3

389
Q

what are the attachments of the pectinous

A

pectineal line on the anterior surface of pelvis to pectineal line on the posterior side of the femur, inferior to lesser trochanter

390
Q

where is the iliofemoral ligament

A

anterior inferior iliac spine - bifurcates and inserts into intertrochanteric line of femur

391
Q

what is the posterior border of the adductor canal

A

adductor longus and adductor magnus

392
Q

what are the attachments of the foot lumbricals

A

originate from tendons of flexor digitorum longus

extensor hoods of the lateral 4 digits

393
Q

which part of the pubic bones project towards the ischium

A

inferior pubic ramus

394
Q

where do the deep and superficial fibular nerves supply sensory innervation

A

superficial - skin of anterolateral leg and dorsal of foot

deep - skin between 1st and 2nd toes

395
Q

what is there terminal cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve

A

saphenous nerve - medial side of lower leg

396
Q

what is the deepest of the superficial gluteal muscles

A

gluteus minimis

397
Q

what are the attachments of tibias anterior

A

lateral surface of tibia to the medial cuneiform and he base of metatarsal 1

398
Q

where does the fascia lata run between

A

iliac crest and inguinal ligament

to bony prominence of tibia - continues to become the deep fascia of the leg (crural fascia)

399
Q

what 2 muscles does the tibialis posterior lie between

A

flexor digitorum longus

flexor hallucis longus

400
Q

where are the inguinal lymph nodes found

A

upper aspect of femoral triangle

401
Q

which ligament creates the lesser sciatic foramen

A

sacrotuberous

402
Q

what are the attachments of the gastrocnemius

A

lateral head - lateral femoral condyle
medial head - medial femoral condyle
combines with soleus to form calcaneal tendon

403
Q

what is the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa

A

semimembranous

404
Q

where does the short head of the biceps femoris originate

A

linea aspera on posterior surface of femur

405
Q

where does the popliteal bursa lie

A

between popliteal tendon and posterior surface of knee joint

406
Q

what attaches to the intercondylar fossa of the femur

A

anterior cruciate ligament - lateral condyle

posterior cruciate ligament - medial epicondyle

407
Q

what 2 arteries supply the foot

A

posterior tibial

dorsalis pedis

408
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior leg

A

tibial nerve

409
Q

what deep vein is formed from the dorsal side of the foot

A

anterior tibial

410
Q

what type of joint is the subtalar joint

A

synovial plane

411
Q

what are the attatchments of the gluteus medius

A

gluteal surface of the ileum

lateral surface of the greater trochanter

412
Q

what are the sensory functions of the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve

A

skin on posterolateral and medial surface, sole of foot

413
Q

what is the anterior border of the adductor canal

A

sartorius

414
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the patella

A

leg extension - enhances the leverage of quadriceps tendon

protection - from trauma

415
Q

what muscle is the adductor hiatus in

A

adductor magnum

416
Q

what is pec cavus

A

unusual high medial longitudinal arch

less ability to absorb shock when walking leads to increased stress on ball and heel of foot

417
Q

what is the innervation of the gracilis muscles

A

obturator nerve (L2-4)

418
Q

what is the heel bone of the ankle

A

calcaneus

419
Q

what are the attachments of the adductor brevis

A

body of pubis to linea aspera on posterior femur

420
Q

what are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis

A

medial tubercle of calcaneus to middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits

421
Q

what bone does the fibular nerve wrap around

A

neck of fibula

422
Q

what is the dural nerve a branch of

A

common fibular and tibial nerve

423
Q

what is a patellar dislocation

A

patella displaced out of patella femoral groove - most laterally

424
Q

where does the tensor fascia lata run between

A

anterior iliac crest (ASIS)

anterior aspect of iliotibial tract

425
Q

what is the actions of the vastus muscles

A

extends knee joint

stabilise patella

426
Q

what are the attachments of the quadratus plantar muscle

A

medial and lateral surface of calcaneus to tendons of flexor digitorum longus

427
Q

what part of the knee attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

428
Q

what are the roots of the femoral nerve

A

L2,3,4

429
Q

where is the iliotibial tract

A

lateral thigh , extending form the iliac tubercle to the lateral tibial condyle

430
Q

what is the widest, most superior part of the hip bone

A

ilium

431
Q

what are the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius

A

medial and lateral - converge to form a single belly

432
Q

where does the sural nerve innervate

A

posterolateral leg + lateral side of foot

433
Q

where is the ovoid hiatus

A

fascia lata just inferior to inguinal ligament (saphenous opening)
entry point of the great saphenous vein

434
Q

where is the ischiofemoral ligament

A

body of ischium and greater trochanter of the femur

435
Q

what 2 bursa are associated with the calcaneal tendon

A

subcutaneous calcaneal bursa - between skin and calcaneal tendon
deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon -between the tendon and the calcaneus

436
Q

where are the superficial veins of the leg formed

A

dorsal venous arch of foot

437
Q

what is the action of the plantaris

A

plantar flex ankle joint

flexes knee

438
Q

what innervates the obturator internus

A

nerve to obturator internus

439
Q

what are the functions of the menisci

A

deepen articular surface to increase stability

shock absorbers

440
Q

which bursa is inflamed in housemaids knee

A

prepatellar bursa

441
Q

what muscles produce eversion of the foot

A

lateral compartment of the leg - fibularis longus and brevis

442
Q

where does the gluteus maximus attach to the femur

A

gluteal tuberosity of the shaft

443
Q

what shape are menisci

A

C shaped

444
Q

what are the actions of the semimembranosus

A

flexion of leg at knee joint
extension of thigh at hip
medially rotate thigh and leg at knee joint

445
Q

what are the 2 proximal tarsal bones

A

talus and calcaneus

446
Q

what is the main conduit for neuromuscular structures entering and leaving the leg

A

popliteal fossa

447
Q

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

medial border of adducts longus (rest is floor)

448
Q

what bones form the arches of the foot

A

tarsal and metatarsal bones - supported by ligaments and tendons in foot

449
Q

where are the deep veins of the leg located

A

deep fascia - accompanying major arteries

450
Q

what is a hernia

A

a condition in which part of an organ is displaced and protrudes through the wall of the cavity containing it

451
Q

what muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate

A

anterior compartment of the leg - tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

452
Q

what part of the pubic bones articulate at the pubic symphis

A

pubic body

453
Q

where does the extensor digitorum lie in relation to tibias anterior

A

lateral and deep

454
Q

what is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa

A

popliteal artery

455
Q

what are the 3 joints of the tibia

A

proximal tibiofibular
distal tibiofibular
ankle

456
Q

what muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimis
piriformis
vastus lateralis

457
Q

what is the innervation of the iliopsoas

A

iliacus - femoral nerve

psoas major - L1-3

458
Q

which of the quadriceps femoris can flex the hip

A

rectus femoris

459
Q

what is pathopneumonic on xray of an ACL tear

A

second fracture - small tear at top of fibula

460
Q

what are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh known as

A

hip adductors

461
Q

what is the superior aspect of the patella attached to

A

quadriceps tendon

462
Q

in the standing position, what do the gluteus medius and minimis do when the contralateral leg is raised

A

contract - prevent pelvis dropping on that side

463
Q

what does the femoral artery change into at the adductor hiatus

A

popliteal artery

464
Q

what things combine to form the lumosacral trunk

A

L4-5

S1-4

465
Q

what nerve innervates the hamstrings

A

sciatic nerve (L4- S3)

466
Q

what is the innervation of the extensor hallucinations longus

A

deep fibular nerve

467
Q

what movements are available at the knee

A

flexion
extension
medial/lateral rotation

468
Q

what are the attatchments of the gluteus minimis

A

ilium to

anterior grater trochanter of femur

469
Q

what forms the articulations of the knee joint

A

posterior patella
lateral and medial condyles of femur
lateral and medial condyles of tibia

470
Q

what is the patellar ligament

A

continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella
attaches ot eh tibial tuberosity

471
Q

what are the main contents of the popliteal fossa (medial to lateral)

A 
popliteal artery 
popliteal vein 
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve 
fat 
popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
472
Q

which of the articulations in the knee is weight bearing

A

tibia-femoral - condyles of tibia and femur

473
Q

what does the patellar ligament run between

A

apex of patella, tibial tuberosity

474
Q

what are the deep muscles in the gluteal region (lateral rotators)

A

quadratus femoris
piriformis
gemellus superior and inferior
obturator internus

475
Q

what is the name of the joint between the sacrum and the coccyx

A

sacrococcygeal symphis

476
Q

what is the artery to the head of femur a branch of

A

obturator

477
Q

where is the fascia lata thickest

A

superolateral aspect of the thigh

478
Q

what are the main functions of the iliotibial tract

A

movement - extensor, abductor and lateral rotation of hip
compartmentalisation
sheath for the tensor fascia lata muscle

479
Q

when can medial and lateral rotation of the knee occur

A

when the knee is flexed

if not it occurs at the hip joint

480
Q

what is the actions fo the iliopsoas

A

flex lower limb at hip joint

lateral rotation

481
Q

what muscles extend the hip joint

A

gluteus maximus
hamstrings - semimembranous, semitendinous, biceps femoris
posterior adductor magnus

482
Q

what are the 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of plantar foot muscles

A

quadratus plantae

lumbricals

483
Q

what is the inferior aspect of the patella attached to

A

patellar ligament

484
Q

what is the lateral border of the adductor canal

A

vastus medialis

485
Q

what is a deep vein thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot within the deep veins of the lower limbs causing blockage of the vessel
causes pain, swelling and tenderness of affected limb

486
Q

what are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve

A

L2,3,4

487
Q

what part of the tibia articulates to the fibula distally

A

fibular notch

488
Q

what tunnel does the femoral artery travel down the anterior thigh in

A

adductor canal

489
Q

what deep veins form on the plantar aspect of the foot

A

posterior tibial

fibular

490
Q

what things articulate in the hip joint

A

pelvic acetabulum

head of femur

491
Q

what separates he superior and inferior gemelli

A

obturator interns tendon

492
Q

what veins drain the gluteal region

A

superior and inferior gluteal - drain into internal iliac

493
Q

how many arches are there in the foot

A 
2 longitudinal (medial and lateral)
one anterior transverse
494
Q

what are the actions of the abductor digit minimi

A

abduct and flex 5th digit

495
Q

what is the name of the depression in between the 2 condyles of the femurs

A

intercondylar fossa

496
Q

what is the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa

A

medial head of gastrocnemius

497
Q

how many dorsal and plantar interossei are there in the foot

A 
3 plantar (unipennate) 
4 dorsal ( bipennate)
498
Q

what is the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa

A

lateral head of gastrocnemius

499
Q

what is the chief flexor of the thigh

A

iliopsoas

500
Q

what are the main branches of the sacral plexus

A

sciatic nerve

pudendal nerve

501
Q

what nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris

A

femoral nerve

502
Q

where does the vests laterals originate

A

greater trochanter and lateral lip of line aspera

503
Q

what is the action of the adductor magnus

A

adduct thigh
adductor component - flex thigh
hamstring component - extend thigh

504
Q

what 2 bones articulate in the subtler joint

A

calcaneus and talus

505
Q

why are IM injections given in the upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region

A

avoid damage to the sciatic nerve in the lower medial quadrant

506
Q

how many lumbricals are in each foot

A

4

507
Q

what is the blood supply to the knee

A

genicular anastomoses from genicular branches of femoral and popliteal arteries

508
Q

what muscles medially rotate the hip (internal)

A

glut medius, glut minimus, tensor fascia lata

509
Q

what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

pectineus
sartorius
quadriceps femoris (x4)
(iliopsoas passes through)

510
Q

which muscle of the quadriceps crosses both the hip and knee joint

A

rectus femoris

511
Q

where is the femoral triangle

A

anterior thigh, below inguinal ligament

512
Q

what are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve

A

L2-4

513
Q

what are the nerve roots of the tibial and common fibular nerves

A

tibial - L4-S3

common fibular - L4- S2

514
Q

what are the actions of the gluteus medius

A

abducts and medially rotate the lower limb

secures pelvis during locomotion

515
Q

where is the fascia lata thinnest

A

where it covers the adductor muscles of the medial thigh

516
Q

what does the common fibular nerve birfucate into

A

deep and superficial fibular nerve

517
Q

what nerves supply the knee (hiltons law)

A

femoral, tibial, common fibular

518
Q

what things aid the stability of the hip joint

A

deep acetabulum / acetabular labrum

iliofemoral/ pubofemoral/ ischiofemroal ligaments are very strong

519
Q

what are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery

A

anterior tibial
posterior tibial
fibular

520
Q

what muscles abduct the hip joint

A

gluteus medius, glut minimis, tensor fascia lata, piriformis

521
Q

what bursa is inflamed in a bakers cyst

A

semimembranous bursa

522
Q

does the gastrocnemius have an action on the knee

A

flex

523
Q

what does the sacrotuberous ligament run between

A

sacrum to ischial tuberosity

forms lesser sciatic foramen

524
Q

what bones are contained in the pelvic girdle

A

sacrum

left and right hip bones

525
Q

what line divides the superficial and sub-inguinal nodes

A

horizontal at level of termination of great saphenous vein

526
Q

what are the attatchments of the sartorius

A

anterior superior iliac spine

to superior, medial surface of the tibia

527
Q

how do talus body fractures occur

A

jumping from a height

528
Q

does the gluteus maximus act in normal posture

A

no - only used when force is required such as running or climbing

529
Q

what muscles laterally rotate the knee

A

biceps femoris

530
Q

what is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot

A

tibialis anterior

531
Q

what are the 5 major nerves of the sacral plexus

A 
superior gluteal nerve (L4- S1)
inferferior gluteal nerve  (L5- S2)
sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-3)
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
(some irish sailor pestors poll)
532
Q

is fibularis longus larger or smaller than fibularis brevis

A

larger

533
Q

what muscle unlocks the knee joint in extension

A

popliteus

3rd year anatomy (5 decks)

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