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1. Opthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the corneas composition?

A

lipid:water:lipid

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2
Q

What is the compostition of the epithelium?

A

lipophilic and hydrophobic

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3
Q

What types of drugs penetrate the epithelium of the cornea?

A

hydrophobic drugs - lipid soluble

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4
Q

What types of drugs penetrate the stroma of the cornea?

A

hydrophillic drugs - water soluble

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5
Q

What is the compostition of the stroma?

A

lipophillic and hyodrphillic

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6
Q

What type of substance can get through the tear film of the cornea?

A

lipophilic

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7
Q

What type of drug is chloramphenicol?

A

lipophillic and hydrophilic so penetrates the corena easily

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8
Q

What does inflammation do to corneal penetration?

A

makes it easier as it reduces the hydrophobicness

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9
Q

What is the compostion of topical steroids?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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10
Q

What happens to a drug if it cannot go through the tear film?

A

it’ll get washed out

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11
Q

How do you make a steroid more hydrophobic?

A

add an alcohol or acetate

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12
Q

How do you make a steroid more hydrophilic?

A

add a phosphate

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13
Q

When is prednisolone acetate used? What are its properties?

A

post op

hydrophobic - good for penetration of an uninflammed cornea

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14
Q

When is prednisolone phosphate used? What are its properties?

A

used for corneal disease or low dose steroid use

hydrophilic - good penetration of an inflammed cornea

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15
Q

What is the most common pathogens for eye infections with contact lenses?

A

pseudomonas

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16
Q

What is pseudomonas infection treated with?

A

Benzalkum chloride - punches out holes in the walls of bacteria but has bad side effects so now use
Bimatoprost 0.1% - benzalkum chloride content of 0.2%

17
Q

What is the side effect of Benzalkum chloride?

A

strips out a layer of cornea

18
Q

How can you increase topical drug absorption in the eye?

A

punctal occlusion

19
Q

How can occular injections be done?

A

either intravitreal or intracameral

20
Q

What happens if antibiotics are injected into the wrong place?

A

retinal detachment

21
Q

What should steroids NEVER be given to?

A

Herpes Keratitis

22
Q

When should steroids be used?

A 
post op cataracts - can also cause cataracts tho
uveitis 
preventing corneal graft rejection
temporal arteritis
anterior ischeamic neuropathy
23
Q

What are the local side effects of steroids?

A

cataracts - reversible
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection

24
Q

What are the systemic side effects of steroids?

A 
gastric ulceration
immunosuppression
osteoporosis
weight gain
diabetes
neuropyschiatric effects
25
Q

When are NSAIDs used?

A

pain relief post refractive laser

cataracts

26
Q

When are antihistamines and mast cell stabalisers used?

A

hay fever

conjunctivitis

27
Q

What is the aim of glaucoma medication?

A

unblock the trabecular meshwork or reduce production of aqueous

28
Q

What medications unblock the trabecular meshwork in glaucoma?

A

prostanoids - latansoprost

alpha-2-adrenergic agonist - brimomidine

29
Q

What medications are used to reduce the production of aqueous humour in glaucoma?

A

beta blockers - trimolol
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors = dorzolamide
alpha-2-adrenergic agonists = brimomidine

30
Q

Why can some systemic drugs not enter the eye?

A

blood - retinal barrier

31
Q

What is endopthalmitis?

A

white cells in the eye due to surgery

sight threatening

32
Q

How is endopthalmitis treated?

A

antibiotics intravitreally

33
Q

How do eye local anaesthetics work?

A

block sodium channels and impede nerve conduction

34
Q

When are local anaesthetics used?

A 
forgein body removal
tonometry - ICP measurement 
corneal scraping
comfort
cataract surgery
35
Q

What is the role of mydriatic drugs?

A

blocks parasympathetic supply to iris causing dilation

also causes cycloplegia - stops the lens focussing

36
Q

What are the side effects of mydriatic drugs?

A

blurring

37
Q

What are the role of sympathomimetics?

A

acts on sympathetic system to enhance sympathetics
some cause cycloplegia - stops the lens focussing (atropine)
some do not - phenylephrine

1. Opthalmology (21 decks)

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