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Correlation 1 > Sedimentary Cycle Processes > Flashcards

Sedimentary Cycle Processes Flashcards

1
Q

is a simple model of the processes
responsible for the production of sediments and
sedimentary rocks.

A

Sedimentary Cycle

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2
Q

Called second set of processes

A

Erosion

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3
Q

referred when sediments accumulate on Earth’s surface

A

Deposition

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4
Q

sedimentary material is moved or transported in solid or dissolved form across Earth’s surface.

A

Transportation

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5
Q

Erosion rates depend primarily on: (4)

A

relief
vegetative cover
precipitation
the type of erosion agents involved

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6
Q

Erosion, transportation and deposition agents

4

A

Water
Wind
Glaciers
Mass flows

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7
Q

is the major agent by which sediments are eroded, transported and deposited on Earth’s surface.

A

Water

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8
Q

is the major agent by which
sediments are eroded, transported and
deposited on Earth ’ s surface.

A

Fluid Flow

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9
Q

possess shear strength. The major stress that initiates flow is the tangential force of gravity (gt), which increases with increasing slope angle.

A

Plastic Flow

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10
Q

adjacent parcels of the flow move roughly parallel to one another in a well -organized pattern, with negligible mixing between them.

A

Laminar Flow

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11
Q

adjacent parcels of the flow move in chaotic patterns and random mixing between parcels is common

A

Turbulent Flow

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12
Q

Can be used to predict whether flow will be
laminar or turbulent

Essentially a ratio between the inertial forces and
the viscous forces in a fluid medium

named after

A

Reynold’s Number

Osborne Reynold

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13
Q

are capable of picking up loose clay, silt and sandsized debris from the land surface

A

Wind

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14
Q

In temperate (warm based) glaciers, erosion of the bedrock by ice occurs by two processes

A

Abrasion and Plucking.

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15
Q

is most common where a glacier flows over an obstacle. The blocks plucked by the ice and subsequently incorporated into the glacier are often
loosened by subglacial freeze–thaw action.

A

Glacial Plucking

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16
Q

is most effective where the land surface is
not bound by plants and hence it is prevalent where
vegetation is sparse, in cold regions, such as near the
poles and in high mountains, and dry deserts.

A

Wind Erosion

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17
Q
  • occurs by the frictional action of blocks of material embedded in the ice (‘tools’) on the bedrock. The scouring process creates rock flour, clay and
    silt-sized debris that is incorporated into the ice.
A

Glacial Abrasion

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18
Q

On steep slopes in mountainous areas and along
cliffs movements downslope under gravity are
commonly the first stages in the erosion and
transport of weathered material.

A

Mass Flow

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19
Q

It can attain much higher velocities and is generally

characterized by turbulent flow

A

Wind

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20
Q

TRANSPORT MEDIA (4)

A

GRAVITY
WATER
AIR
ICE

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21
Q

Simplest mechanism of sediment transport where
sediments move under the influence of gravity
down a slope

A

Gravity

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22
Q

movements of material under gravity and

accumulates as a chaotic mass of material at the base of the slope.

A

Rock Fall

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23
Q

coherent mass of bedrock that has moved
downslope without significantly breaking up in the
process.

A

Landslide

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24
Q

slow movement of lubricated regolith/soil.

A

Soil Creep

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25
Q

instantaneous events like slides but the
material is plastic due to saturation by water and it
deforms during movement downslope

A

Slumping

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26
Q

dense, viscous mixtures of sediment and
water in which the volume and mass of sediment
exceeds that of water. Deposition occurs when internal
friction becomes too great and the flow ‘freezes’.

A

Debris Flow

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27
Q

are gravity-driven turbid mixtures
of sediment temporarily suspended in water. They are
less dense mixtures than debris flows

A

Turbidity Current

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28
Q

What type of Mass Wasting?

  1. Rock, Flow, Rapid
  2. Rock, Slide, Moderate
  3. Rock, Flow, Fast
  4. Rock, Slide/Flow, Slow
  5. Rock, Flow, Moderate to Rapid
A
  1. Avalanche
  2. Rockslide
  3. Rockflow
  4. Rock Creep
  5. Topple
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29
Q

◂ All molecules within fluid move parallel to
each other
◂ Heterogeneous fluids almost don’t mix
◂ Low Reynolds Number (<500)

A

Laminar Flow

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30
Q

What type of Mass Wasting?

  1. Loose Material, Flow, Moderate
  2. Loose Material, Flow, Slow
  3. Loose Material, Flow, Slow to Moderate
  4. Loose Material, Slide, Moderate to Fast
  5. Loose Material, Slide/Flow, Fast
A
  1. Debris/ Mud Flow
  2. Earth Creep
  3. Earth Flow
  4. Debris Slide
  5. Debris Avalance
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31
Q

High water content mass wasting

4

A

Soil Creep
Turbidity Currents
Debris Flow
Slumping

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32
Q

◂ Molecules in the fluid move in all direction
but with net movement in transport direction
◂ Heterogeneous fluids mix thoroughly
◂ High Reynolds Number (>2000)

A

Turbulent Flow

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33
Q

the clasts move by rolling along at the bottom of the air or water flow without losing contact with the bed surface.

A

Rolling

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34
Q

the particles move in a series of jumps, periodically leaving the bed surface, and carried short distances within the body of the fluid before returning to the bed again.

A

Saltation

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35
Q

Generally exerts smaller shear stresses on the bottom and therefore tends to entrain and transport smaller particles.

A

Wind

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36
Q

the clasts move by sliding along at the
bottom of the air or water flow without losing
contact with the bed surface

A

Traction

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37
Q

turbulence within the flow produces sufficient upward motion to keep particles in the moving fluid more-or-less continually.

A

Suspension

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38
Q

there is a decrease (fining) in grain size from bottom

to top

A

Normal Grading

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39
Q

What kind of grading does Bouma Sequence show

  1. Vertically?
  2. Laterally?
A
  1. Normal

2. Reverse

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40
Q

Where is the complete sequence found?

A

Oman

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41
Q

morphological feature formed by the interaction
between a flow and cohesionless sediment on a
bed.
◂ Recognition of sedimentary structures generated
by bedforms provides information about the
strength of the current, the flow depth and the
direction of sediment transport.

A

Bedforms

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42
Q

thin, inclined layers of sand, which build up to form the
sedimentary structure referred to as ______

◂ They form as current ripples migrates downstream and sediments deposit on its lee slope forming a
series of layers at the angle of the slope.

A

Cross Laminae

Cross Lamination

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43
Q
  • a disturbance travelling through a gas, liquid or
    solid which involves the transfer of energy between
    particles.
    ◂ The oscillatory motion of the top surface of a water body
    produced by waves generates a circular pathway for
    water molecules in the top layer
A

Wave

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44
Q

when grain size increases (coarsening) from top to

bottom

A

Reverse Grading

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45
Q

have long, straight to sinuous crests which may
divide.

could also be symmetrical with cross-laminae dipping in both directions either side of the crests.

A

Wave Ripple

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46
Q

A normal graded beds where the coarsest
particles settle first then succeeding finer
particles settle after.

A

Bouma Sequence

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47
Q

are waning flows, that is, they decrease velocity through time as they deposit material, but this means that they also decrease velocity with distance from the source.

A

Turbidity Current

48
Q

Composition of Bouma Sequence Layers

Ta -
Tb -
Tc -
Td -
Te -
A

Ta - Massive
Tb - Laminated Sand

Tc - Cross-laminated Ripples
Td - Laminated Silt
Te - Hemipelagic Mud

49
Q

deposited by these flows have
a thicker coarse unit at their base, which can
be divided into three divisions.

S1/S2- Traction deposits
S3 - Rapid deposition

A

turbidites

50
Q

A general term for clay-rich sediment that is
cohesive and the individual particles tend to stick
to each other as sediment dries out

A

Mud Cracks

51
Q

Polygonal pattern of cracks as the sediment
dries out
◂ a very reliable indicator of the exposure of the
sediment to subaerial conditions

A

Desiccation Cracks

52
Q

Small-scale erosional features on a bed surface

◂ They are preserved in the rock record when
another layer of sediment is deposited on top
leaving the feature on the bedding plane.

includes _____ and _____

A

Sole Mark

Tool Mark and Flute Casts/Mark

53
Q

Turbulent flows that erode the underlying bed creates

A

Flute Casts

54
Q

shrinkage cracks that form under water in
clayey sediments
◂ are simple, straight or slightly curved tapering
cracks

A

Synresis Cracks

55
Q

formed by a saltating object

A

Prod, skip or bounce marks

56
Q

The physical breakdown and chemical

alteration of rocks at or near Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

57
Q
  • transfer of rock and soil downslope under

the influence of gravity

A

Mass Wasting

58
Q
  • the physical removal of material by mobile

agents such as water, wind, or ice

A

Erosion

59
Q

is the breakdown of larger, more coherent rock bodies into smaller fragments of the same composition.

A

Disintegration

60
Q

is any breakdown of rock materials that involves changes in chemical composition

A

Decomposition

61
Q

Dominant process in the production of

soils

A

Weathering

62
Q

rock materials weather at different rates

A

Differential Weathering

63
Q

Formed when an object being carried by a flow

create marks on the bed surface

A

Tool Mark

64
Q

are sharp elongate marks created by an object

being dragged along the bed.

A

Grooves

65
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING WEATHERING

A

Mineralogy of the Parent Rock
Climate
No. of Fissures
Time

66
Q

Dominant Weathering Physical or Chemical

  1. Humid Climate
  2. Dry Climate
A
  1. Chemical

2. Physical

67
Q

Accomplished by physical forces that break rock
into smaller and smaller pieces without
changing the rock’s mineral composition

A

Mechanical Weathering

68
Q

Involves a chemical transformation of rock into

one or more new compounds.

A

Chemical Weathering

69
Q

After water works its way into the cracks in rock, the freezing water enlarges the cracks and angular
fragments are eventually produced.

A

Frost Wedging

70
Q

– develops along surfaces parallel to Earth’s surface

when water freezes along bedding planes and/or sheet fractures.

A

Frost Heaving

71
Q

Begins when sea spray from breaking waves or salty

groundwater penetrates crevices and pore space in rock

A

Salt Crystal Growth

72
Q

Onion-like layers produced when large masses of igneous rocks are exposed by erosion, concentric slabs begin to break loose

A

Sheeting

73
Q

Created by continued weathering eventually
causes the slabs to separate and
spall off

A

Exfoliation Domes

74
Q

states that the susceptibility of common igneous
minerals is inversely proportional to their crystallization
temperature as summarized in Bowen’s reaction series

A

Goldich Rule

75
Q

Chemical reaction between a mineral and water in
which dissolved hydrogen ions and/or hydroxyl ions
are added to form one or more new minerals.

A

Hydrolysis

76
Q

Chemical reaction in which one or more electrons
are transferred from a cation in the mineral to an
anion, increasing the valence of the cation.

A

Oxidation

77
Q

Acids such as carbonic acid readily decompose many
rocks and produce certain products that are water
soluble. (e.g., Calcite)

A

Solution

78
Q

involves the addition of water to a
crystal structure during the reaction between
and mineral and the aqueous solution

A

Hydration

79
Q

Gives the weathered rock a more

rounded or spherical shape.

A

Spheroidal Weathering

80
Q

A type of weathering brought by various activities

of living organisms.

A

Biological Weathering

81
Q

rocks are pried apart and fractures enlarged as

root systems expand during growth

A

Root Growth

82
Q

occurs when a force or pressure is applied to
break rocks apart or degrade the minerals in
them by either plants or animals.

A

Biological Weathering (Physical)

83
Q

Combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air.

A

Soil

84
Q

Soil Profile

A 
O
A
E
B
C
R
85
Q

loss of water

A

Dehydration

86
Q

Consists of the Top Soil

A

O

A

87
Q

living organisms contribute through their organic
compounds that contain molecules that acidify
and corrode rock minerals

an example is a microbial activity in the form of

A

Biological Weathering (Chemical)

lichen

88
Q

Consist of the subsoil

A

B

89
Q

Zone of Eluviation and Leaching

A

E

90
Q

Sequence in the formation of soil profile

A 
R
C
O
A
E
B
91
Q

Zone of Aluviation

A

A

92
Q

are often known as light soils due to

their high proportion of sand and little clay

A

Sandy Soil

93
Q

are a mixture of sand, silt and clay that are

combined to avoid the negative effects of each type.

A

Loam Soil

94
Q

These soils are made of over 25 percent clay, and
because of the spaces found between clay particles, clay soils
hold a high amount of water.

A

Clay Soil

95
Q

compromise of medium sized particles they are well

drained and hold moisture well

A

Silt Soil

96
Q

are high in organic matter and retain a large amount

of moisture

A

Peat Soil

97
Q

highly alkaline soil due to the calcium carbonate or
lime within its structure.

Geologic term of this soil

A

Chalk Soil

Calcrete

98
Q

It emphasizes the physical and chemical properties of
the soil profile and is organized on the basis of
observable soil characteristics.

A

Soil Taxonomy

99
Q

Soil Taxonomy Classification

A 
Order
Suborder
Great Group
Subgroup
Family 
Series
100
Q

Soils that result from weathering processes that leach clay minerals into the subsoil/surface where they can hold and supply moisture and nutrients to plants

A

Alfisols

101
Q

Young soils in which the parent material is volcanic ash

and cinders deposited by recent volcanic activity

A

Andisol

102
Q

Soils that develop in dry places; insufficient water to remove soluble minerals; may have an accumulation of calcium carbonate,gypsum, or salt in subsoil; low organic content.

A

Aridosol

103
Q

Young soils having limited development and exhibiting

properties of the parent material.

A

Entisol

104
Q

Young soils with little profile development that occur in regions with permafrost

A

Gelisol

105
Q

Organic soils with little or no climatic implications.

A

Histosol

106
Q

Weakly developed young soils in which the beginning of profile
development is evident.
Most common in humid climates, they exist from the Arctic to the tropics.

A

Inceptisol

107
Q

◂ Dark, partially decomposed organic material commonly referred to as peat

A

Histosol

108
Q

Dark, soft soils that have developed under grass

vegetation, generally found in prairie areas

A

Mollisol

109
Q

Soils that occur on old land surfaces unless parent
materials were strongly weathered before they were
deposited

A

Oxisol

110
Q

Soils found only in humid regions on sandy material

A

Spodosol

111
Q

Can be found in any climate where organic debris can accumulate to form a bog soil.

A

Histosol

112
Q

Soils that represent the products of long periods of

weathering

A

Ultisol

113
Q

Beneath the dark upper horizon of weathered organic
material lies a light-colored horizon of leached material,
the distinctive property of this soil.

A

Spodosol

114
Q

Soils containing large amounts of clay, which shrink upon

drying and swell with the addition of water

A

Vertisol

115
Q

Tarbuck

  1. High Nutrient Soil
  2. Volcanic Soil
  3. Desert Soil
  4. New Soil
  5. Permafrost Soil
  6. Organic Soil
  7. Young Soil
  8. Prairie Soil
  9. Tropical Forest Soil
  10. Conifer Forest Soil
  11. Low-Nutrient Soil
  12. Swelling Clay Soil
A
  1. Alfisol
  2. Andisol
  3. Aridosol
  4. Entisol
  5. Gelisol
  6. Histosol
  7. Inceptisol
  8. Mollisol
  9. Oxisol
  10. Spodosol
  11. Ultisol
  12. Vertisol

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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