AOS 1

Question 1

IV

Answer 1

the independent variable is the variable being manipulated or controlled by the experimenter

Question 2

DV

Answer 2

the dependant variable is the variable being tested and measured

Question 3

EV

Answer 3

extraneous variables arenas variables that could affect the DV that isn’t the IV. extraneous variables reduce validity

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for investigation

Question 5

synaesthesia

Answer 5

when neural connections between sense organs are linked so that detection of a stimulus can be interpreted in two senses

Question 6

perceptual set

Answer 6

when expectations influence a persons perception and sensation

Question 7

shape constancy

Answer 7

refers to the fact that we can interpret objects when viewed from any angle.

Question 8

size constancy

Answer 8

refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even if the object moves nearer or further away.

Question 9

phi phenomenon

Answer 9

associating cartoon/drawn shapes with things that look similar (cartoon mouse vs real mouse)

Question 10

figure ground

Answer 10

seeing lines and associating it with an image we have previously seen

Question 11

camouflage

Answer 11

blends into background

Question 12

closure

Answer 12

even though an object may be incomplete, we complete it and associate it as a whole. Preferring complete shapes, we automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image; so, we see the whole first.

Question 13

similarity

Answer 13

group together to provide a ‘whole’ single unit. We seek differences and similarities in an image and link similar elements.

Question 14

proximity

Answer 14

as individual parts are close to each other we tend to perceive them as ‘whole’. We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart.

Question 15

gestalt principles

Answer 15

phi phenomenon, proximity, similarity, closure, camouflage, figure ground

Question 16

pictorial depth cues

Answer 16

linear perspective, height in the visual field, interposition, texture gradient, relative size

Question 17

linear perspective

Answer 17

where two lines go closer together and therefore you think the image is further away

Question 18

height in the visual field

Answer 18

a higher object appears further away then one below it

Question 19

interposition

Answer 19

when one object is behind or partially behind another object, it appears further away

Question 20

texture gradient

Answer 20

when an object has more detail, it implies that it is closer and vice versa

Question 21

relative size

Answer 21

when the same object is drawn at different sizes, the smaller one will appear further away

Question 22

binocular depth cues

Answer 22

retinal disparity and convergence

Question 23

retinal disparity

Answer 23

the difference of the image on each retina gives an indication of distance

Question 24

convergence

Answer 24

the muscular force required to focus on an object. More muscle contractions suggest the object is closer

Question 25

monocular depth cues

Answer 25

accomodation

Question 26

accomodation

Answer 26

adjustment of lens in eye suggests distance

Question 27

depth perception

Answer 27

the ability to accurately judge 3D space and distance using cues in the environment.

Question 28

sensation

Answer 28

the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information

Question 29

perception

Answer 29

the process of giving meaning to sensory information, resulting in our personal interpretation of that information

Question 30

process of sensation and perception

Answer 30

reception, transduction, transmission, selection, organisation, interpretation

Question 31

the 5 primary tastes

Answer 31

umami, sweet, salty, bitter, sour

Question 32

receptors for vision

Answer 32

rods and cones

Question 33

receptors for taste

Answer 33

tastebuds

Question 34

rods

Answer 34

responsible for vision in low light and peripheral vision, can only register black and white, can’t register detail (low acuity), and are most sensitive to light of 500nm wavelength

Question 35

cones

Answer 35

responsible for vision of detail and colour vision, require high levels of light to be able to respond and concentrated in the middle of the retina

Question 36

tastebuds

Answer 36

10,000 tastebuds in mouth and throat, each taste bad contains 50-150 taste receptor cells that live 10 days

Question 37

difference between taste and flavour

Answer 37

taste is a sensation as it takes information from all 5 primary tastes, while flavour is a form of perception because we perceive flavour based on multiple senses such as smell and taste.

Question 38

validity

Answer 38

is when something measures what it aims to measure. it is ensured by testing and measuring the effect of one variable

Question 39

reliability

Answer 39

when the same results are produced by repeated tests

Question 40

confounding variable

Answer 40

an extraneous variable that invalidates the results

Question 41

sample

Answer 41

the participants in a study

Question 42

sampling

Answer 42

the method of selecting participants for a study

Question 43

population

Answer 43

the wider group that the sample represents

Question 44

random sampling

Answer 44

when every member of a population has an equal chance of selection

Question 45

stratified sampling

Answer 45

ensuring that the random sample represents the diversity of the population

Question 46

convenience sampling

Answer 46

when participants are easily accessible

Question 47

experimental condition

Answer 47

the condition where the IV is given/ applied

Question 48

control condition

Answer 48

condition without the IV