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UNIT 1 EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

define independent variable

A

is deliberately manipulated by experimenter

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2
Q

define dependant variable

A

what is being measured in the experiment. its value relies on the IV

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3
Q

define operationalisation

A

the variable is stated in terms that show how its measured (age in total months, the number of aggressive responses in an observed 30 minute period)

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4
Q

define extraneous variable

A

a variable other than the IV that causes change to the DV

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5
Q

define confounding variable

A

an EV that invalidates the results

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6
Q

define population

A

group we wish to draw conclusions from

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7
Q

define sample

A

smaller number of individuals from the population

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8
Q

state the types of participant selection

A

random sampling, stratified sampling, convenience sampling

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9
Q

define random sampling

A

every member of population has equal chance of selection

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10
Q

define stratified sampling

A

ensuring that the random sample represents the diversity of the population

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11
Q

define convenience sampling

A

participants are chosen to easier accessibility

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12
Q

define experimental group

A

receives the IV. purpose is to show the. effects of the IV on the value of the DV

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13
Q

define control group

A

aren’t exposed to IV. purpose is to form a basis for comparison to experimental group

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14
Q

state the experimental designs

A

repeated measures, matched participants, independent groups

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15
Q

define repeated measures

A

each participant is member of control group and experimental group

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16
Q

define matched participants

A

researcher identifies a variable that is a likely confound and eliminates the effects of this variable

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17
Q

define independent group

A

allocates participants to the control group or experimental group at random

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18
Q

define qualitative data

A

descriptions of characteristics (emotional state)

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19
Q

define quantitative data

A

data value takes numerical form and refers to measurement

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20
Q

state the types of data collection

A

observation, interview, questionnaires, psychological tests, cross sectional studies, technology in data collection, longitudinal studies

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21
Q

define the absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus, in ideal conditions 50% of the time

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22
Q

state the 5 tastes

A

umami, salty, sweet, sour, bitter

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23
Q

define perceptual constancies

A

enable us to maintain a stable perception of a stimulus, although its image on the retina may change

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24
Q

define size constancy

A

we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even though the size of the image on the retina changes

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25
define shape constancy
an object is perceived to maintain its known shape despite the changing perspective from which it is viewed
26
state the gestalt principles
figure ground, phi phenomenon, similarity, proximity, closure, camouflage
27
define figure ground
seeing lines and associating It with an image we have previously seen
28
define phi phenomenon
associating cartoon or drawn shapes with things that look similar
29
define camouflage
object blends into its background
30
define closure
we automatically fill in gaps Between broken shapes to perceive a complete image
31
define similarity
grouping together to provide a whole single unit
32
define proximity
when individual parts are closer together we tend to perceive them as whole
33
state the binocular depth cues
retinal disparity and convergence
34
state the monocular depth cues
accomodation
35
define retinal disparity
the difference of the image on each retina gives an indication of distance
36
define convergence
the muscular force required to focus on an object
37
define accomodation
adjustment of lens in eye suggests distance
38
explain the ponzo illusion
the upper horizontal line in each diagram is perceived to be longer than the lower horizontal line. this is due to linear perspective and height in the visual field
39
explain the muller lyer illusion
two lines of equal length. one has regular arrow heads on each end but the other has inverted arrow heads. the line with the inverted arrow heads is perceived to be longer
40
explain the Ames room illusion
shows that we maintain shape constancy at the expense of size constancy
41
define perceptual set
our expectations influence our perception of flavours and taste
42
define synaesthesia
the presentation of a stimulus from one sensory system automatically triggers a perception in a second sensory system
43
define person perception
the process of forming impressions of others. it can be reliable but can also cause us to form incorrect impressions
44
define attributions
inferences that we make about the cause of events, behaviour of others, or our own behavior
45
define stereotyping
when a person assumes certain groups have particular characteristics that are typical of them. it involves categorising people into groups usually based on appearance, then assuming all group members are the same
46
define attitudes
a learned, stable and enduring evaluation of a person, object or idea that can affect an individuals behaviour
47
tri component model
affect, behaviour (action), cognition (think)
48
define implicit attitude
an individual is unaware they have the attitude until it is demonstrated by their behaviour
49
define explicit attitude
an individual is aware of their attitude and displays it
50
define prejudice
a negative attitude about a group of people based on incorrect or insufficient information
51
prejudice and the tri component model
affect: feelings of hostility toward a group, behaviour: the act of discriminating, cognitive: the belief that all group members are the same
52
define discrimination
the behaviour or acton that reflects a negative attitude
53
state the types of discrimination
reluctance to help, tokenism, reverse discrimination
54
define reluctance to help
declining to help a group of people
55
define tokenism
publicly making trivial assistance to a minority group in order to avoid accusations of prejudice
56
reverse discrimination
publicly favouring a minority group to avoid accusations of prejudice
57
effects of prejudice/discrimination
reduced self esteem, violence and genocide, self fulfilling prophecies, failure and disadvantage
58
state the ways prejudice can be formed
intergroup conflict, scapegoating, social identity theory, social categorisation
59
define intergroup conflict
people in groups perceive themselves as better than people in other groups
60
define scapegoating
frustration of something leads us to blame an innocent person/ people, leading to discrimination towards the group
61
define social identity theory
people gain self esteem by belonging to a group, and tend to think negatively of other groups
62
state the ways to prevent or reduce prejudice
education, intergroup contact, direct experience, education, cognitive intervention, setting super ordinate goals
63
define cognitive intervention
giving people information
64
define education
being taught to identify prejudice
65
define super ordinate goals
having conflicting groups come together to work to a common goal
66
define intergroup contact
direct contact between 2 groups that have prejudice toward each other
67
define group
2+ people who interact with each other, are influenced by each other and share a common purpose
68
define power
the ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them
69
state the types of power
coercive, reward, information, referent, expert, legitimate
70
define leadership
the ability to manage or regulate other people

psych (7 decks)

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