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psych > UNIT 1 EXAM > Flashcards

UNIT 1 EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

define independent variable

A

is deliberately manipulated by experimenter

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2
Q

define dependant variable

A

what is being measured in the experiment. its value relies on the IV

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3
Q

define operationalisation

A

the variable is stated in terms that show how its measured (age in total months, the number of aggressive responses in an observed 30 minute period)

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4
Q

define extraneous variable

A

a variable other than the IV that causes change to the DV

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5
Q

define confounding variable

A

an EV that invalidates the results

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6
Q

define population

A

group we wish to draw conclusions from

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7
Q

define sample

A

smaller number of individuals from the population

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8
Q

state the types of participant selection

A

random sampling, stratified sampling, convenience sampling

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9
Q

define random sampling

A

every member of population has equal chance of selection

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10
Q

define stratified sampling

A

ensuring that the random sample represents the diversity of the population

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11
Q

define convenience sampling

A

participants are chosen to easier accessibility

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12
Q

define experimental group

A

receives the IV. purpose is to show the. effects of the IV on the value of the DV

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13
Q

define control group

A

aren’t exposed to IV. purpose is to form a basis for comparison to experimental group

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14
Q

state the experimental designs

A

repeated measures, matched participants, independent groups

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15
Q

define repeated measures

A

each participant is member of control group and experimental group

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16
Q

define matched participants

A

researcher identifies a variable that is a likely confound and eliminates the effects of this variable

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17
Q

define independent group

A

allocates participants to the control group or experimental group at random

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18
Q

define qualitative data

A

descriptions of characteristics (emotional state)

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19
Q

define quantitative data

A

data value takes numerical form and refers to measurement

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20
Q

state the types of data collection

A

observation, interview, questionnaires, psychological tests, cross sectional studies, technology in data collection, longitudinal studies

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21
Q

define the absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus, in ideal conditions 50% of the time

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22
Q

state the 5 tastes

A

umami, salty, sweet, sour, bitter

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23
Q

define perceptual constancies

A

enable us to maintain a stable perception of a stimulus, although its image on the retina may change

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24
Q

define size constancy

A

we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even though the size of the image on the retina changes

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25
Q

define shape constancy

A

an object is perceived to maintain its known shape despite the changing perspective from which it is viewed

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26
Q

state the gestalt principles

A

figure ground, phi phenomenon, similarity, proximity, closure, camouflage

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27
Q

define figure ground

A

seeing lines and associating It with an image we have previously seen

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28
Q

define phi phenomenon

A

associating cartoon or drawn shapes with things that look similar

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29
Q

define camouflage

A

object blends into its background

30
Q

define closure

A

we automatically fill in gaps Between broken shapes to perceive a complete image

31
Q

define similarity

A

grouping together to provide a whole single unit

32
Q

define proximity

A

when individual parts are closer together we tend to perceive them as whole

33
Q

state the binocular depth cues

A

retinal disparity and convergence

34
Q

state the monocular depth cues

A

accomodation

35
Q

define retinal disparity

A

the difference of the image on each retina gives an indication of distance

36
Q

define convergence

A

the muscular force required to focus on an object

37
Q

define accomodation

A

adjustment of lens in eye suggests distance

38
Q

explain the ponzo illusion

A

the upper horizontal line in each diagram is perceived to be longer than the lower horizontal line. this is due to linear perspective and height in the visual field

39
Q

explain the muller lyer illusion

A

two lines of equal length. one has regular arrow heads on each end but the other has inverted arrow heads. the line with the inverted arrow heads is perceived to be longer

40
Q

explain the Ames room illusion

A

shows that we maintain shape constancy at the expense of size constancy

41
Q

define perceptual set

A

our expectations influence our perception of flavours and taste

42
Q

define synaesthesia

A

the presentation of a stimulus from one sensory system automatically triggers a perception in a second sensory system

43
Q

define person perception

A

the process of forming impressions of others. it can be reliable but can also cause us to form incorrect impressions

44
Q

define attributions

A

inferences that we make about the cause of events, behaviour of others, or our own behavior

45
Q

define stereotyping

A

when a person assumes certain groups have particular characteristics that are typical of them. it involves categorising people into groups usually based on appearance, then assuming all group members are the same

46
Q

define attitudes

A

a learned, stable and enduring evaluation of a person, object or idea that can affect an individuals behaviour

47
Q

tri component model

A

affect, behaviour (action), cognition (think)

48
Q

define implicit attitude

A

an individual is unaware they have the attitude until it is demonstrated by their behaviour

49
Q

define explicit attitude

A

an individual is aware of their attitude and displays it

50
Q

define prejudice

A

a negative attitude about a group of people based on incorrect or insufficient information

51
Q

prejudice and the tri component model

A

affect: feelings of hostility toward a group, behaviour: the act of discriminating, cognitive: the belief that all group members are the same

52
Q

define discrimination

A

the behaviour or acton that reflects a negative attitude

53
Q

state the types of discrimination

A

reluctance to help, tokenism, reverse discrimination

54
Q

define reluctance to help

A

declining to help a group of people

55
Q

define tokenism

A

publicly making trivial assistance to a minority group in order to avoid accusations of prejudice

56
Q

reverse discrimination

A

publicly favouring a minority group to avoid accusations of prejudice

57
Q

effects of prejudice/discrimination

A

reduced self esteem, violence and genocide, self fulfilling prophecies, failure and disadvantage

58
Q

state the ways prejudice can be formed

A

intergroup conflict, scapegoating, social identity theory, social categorisation

59
Q

define intergroup conflict

A

people in groups perceive themselves as better than people in other groups

60
Q

define scapegoating

A

frustration of something leads us to blame an innocent person/ people, leading to discrimination towards the group

61
Q

define social identity theory

A

people gain self esteem by belonging to a group, and tend to think negatively of other groups

62
Q

state the ways to prevent or reduce prejudice

A

education, intergroup contact, direct experience, education, cognitive intervention, setting super ordinate goals

63
Q

define cognitive intervention

A

giving people information

64
Q

define education

A

being taught to identify prejudice

65
Q

define super ordinate goals

A

having conflicting groups come together to work to a common goal

66
Q

define intergroup contact

A

direct contact between 2 groups that have prejudice toward each other

67
Q

define group

A

2+ people who interact with each other, are influenced by each other and share a common purpose

68
Q

define power

A

the ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them

69
Q

state the types of power

A

coercive, reward, information, referent, expert, legitimate

70
Q

define leadership

A

the ability to manage or regulate other people

psych (7 decks)

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