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Individual, Society and Culture > Slides Week 6 > Flashcards

Slides Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Diagnosis

A

Identifying and differentiating on condition from another

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2
Q

Define Aetiology

A

Identifies the cause and development of the identified condition

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3
Q

Define Prognosis

A

The likely development and outcome of the condition

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4
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

The Study of the distribution of a disease or condition in the population

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5
Q

Define Prevalence

A

a statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time

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6
Q

Conceptualisation of Epidemiology - Biological

A

Emphasises genetics and other physiological factors

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7
Q

Conceptualisation of Epidemiology - Psychodynamic

A
  • Based on Freud’s Theories
  • Emphasises the unconscious processes
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8
Q

Conceptualisation of Epidemiology - Learning

A

Explains psychological disorders as a result of experience

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9
Q

Conceptualisation of Epidemiology - Humanistic

A
  • Focuses on personal agency
  • engages lack of self worth
  • works on incongruent self concept
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10
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Life events

+

Genetic Vulnerability

=

Determines whether a person will develop Mental Illness

  • Genetic predisposition and Life experience Stressors combine to create Mental Health Problems
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11
Q

What are contributing factors in psychological disorders?

A
  • Neurotransmitter imbalances
  • Unhelpful coping skills
  • Medical Conditions
  • Past Trauma and Childhood experiences
  • Relationships
  • Lack of meaning in life
  • Poor lifestyle choices
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12
Q

Cultural differences in psychological disorders

A
  • Culture bound syndromes
  • Variations exist between cultures in how abnormal behaviour is expressed or experienced
  • Judgement of what is abnormal behaviour can change over time

e.g. Homosexuality is no longer considered a mental health problem

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13
Q

Examples of Culture Bound Disorders - Koro

A

An obsessive fear that one’s penis will withdraw into the abdomen; seen only in Malaya and Southern Asia

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14
Q

Examples of Culture Bound Disorders - Windigo

A
  • Involves intense craving for human flesh
  • Fear that one will turn into a cannibal
  • Seen only among Algonquin Indian cultures
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15
Q

Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5

A
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16
Q

Two Manuals for Diagnosing Mental Disorders

A
  1. DSM-5 - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  2. ICD-10 - Interntional Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems
17
Q

Types of Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder
  • Panic Disorder
  • Specific Phobia
  • Social Anxiety
  • Agoraphobia
  • and others
18
Q

Generealised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Excessive, uncontrollable, exaggerated worry and tension

19
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Recurring episodes of intencse and debilitation anxiety

20
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Intense fear when exposed to a particular object such as birds, spiders or heights

21
Q

Social Anxiety

A
  • Intense discomfort within a social context
  • Fear of Judgement
22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of being unable to escape an anxiety provoking situation

23
Q

Panic Disorder Symptoms

A

• Palpitations, and/or accelerated heart rate
• Sweating
• Trembling or shaking
• Sensations of shortness of breath/being smothered
• Feeling of choking
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Nausea or abdominal distress
• Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
• De-realization (feelings of unreality) or
depersonalization (being detached from oneself)
• Fear of losing control or going insane
• Sense of impending death
• Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
• Chills or hot flashes

24
Q

Types of Specific Phobia

A
  • Animal type
    • ​Fear of dogs, cats, rats and/or mice, pigs, cows, birds, spiders, or snakes.
  • Natural environment type
    • Fear of heights (acrophobia)
    • lightning and thunderstorms (astraphobia)
    • or aging (gerascophobia).
  • Situational type
    • Fear of small confined spaces (claustrophobia)
    • Fear of the dark (nyctophobia).
  • Blood/injection/injury type
    • This includes fear of medical procedures,
    • Fear of needles and injections (trypanophobia)
    • Fear of blood (hemophobia)
    • Fear of getting injured.
  • Other
    • Fear of contracting an illness
    • Children’s fears of loud sounds or costumed characters
25
Q

Obssessive-Compulsive Disorder

A
  • Intrusive thoughts that produce fear, worry and obsessions
  • Compulsions - repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing anxiety
  • Combination of Compulsions and Obsessions
  • Excessive washing and cleaning of body and belongings
  • Repeated checking of personal rituals
  • preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts
  • aversion to particular numbers
26
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A
  • Follows exposure to a traumatic event
  • The event is relive through intrusive recollections, flashbacks and nightmares
27
Q

Major causes of Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Biological - heredity and neurotransmitter activity
  • Learned - Impact of previous experience
    • Classical Conditioning Associations
  • Cognitive - Impact of thought processes
    • Operant Conditioning Consequences
28
Q

Cognitive Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A

Holds that certain styles of thinking such as overinterpreting harmless situations as threatening, make some people more vulnerable to anxiety disorders.

1. Triggering Stimulus

2. Perceived Threat

Feelings of Apprehension or worry

Body Sensations

3. Catastrophic Interpretation of Sensation

Leads back to

2. Perceived Threat

29
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • Appetite loss, weight loss (or opposite in some people)
  • Sleeplessness or sleeping too much
  • Loss of interest/pleasure in life’s activities
  • Withdrawal
  • Suicidal ideas, thoughts of death
  • Anxiety
  • Lack of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Agitation or physically slowed
  • Impaired concentration

Symptoms usually last for two weeks or more

30
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • Is not a “split personality”
  • Is a serious mental illness
  • Affects normal functioning of the brain
  • Characterised by psychotive symptoms
  • Diminished range of expression or emotion
  • Generally separated into positive and negative symptoms
31
Q

Schizophrenia - Positive Symptoms

A
  • Delusions (beliefs/cognitions)
  • Hallucinations (perceptions)
  • Disorganised Thinking
  • Disorganised Behaviour
  • Catatonic Behaviour (rigidity)

The “normal experience” plus a few extra thoughts or experiences equals Positive Symptoms

32
Q

Schizophrenia - Negative Symptoms

A
  • Withdrawal, loss of motivation
  • Loss of feeling or inability to experience pleasure
  • Poverty of speech
  • Flat Presentation
  • Cognitive Impairments (memory, concentration and attention)

The “normal experience” minus a few feelings or experiences equals Negative Symptoms

Individual, Society and Culture (16 decks)

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