Chapter 12

Question 1

What can traditional models and theories be criticised for?

Answer 1

They are mostly based on male leaders and attributes.

Question 2

What can be said about the difference in effectiveness between male and female leaders?

Answer 2

There is no evidence that female leders are more or less effective than male leaders.

Question 3

What can be said about the difference in traits and behaviours between male and female leaders?

Answer 3

No evidence shows that there is a great difference in traits anad behaviours.

Question 4

What can be said about the interaction with followers in regard to gender?

Answer 4

Female leaders and followers interacted more cooperatively than their male
counterparts.

Question 5

What does one research conclude about how women leaders relate to stereotypes?

Answer 5

They do not necessarily fall into the stereotypical assumptions of
feminine versus masculine leadership behaviours and were not
found to be more interpersonally and less task-oriented.

Question 6

In what roles are leaders in regard to gender find themselves most effective?

Answer 6

Female and make leaders were found to be more effective in congruent
roles.

Question 7

What did one study say about gender and style?

Answer 7

more participative and democratic in their preferred

leadership style, transformational, contingent reward behaviour

Question 8

How are women evaluated when leading in a masculine manner?

Answer 8

Female managers were devalued compared to men.

Question 9

What are the tree main reasons for the persistence of the glass ceiling?

Answer 9

human capital differences, gender differences, and prejudice

Question 10

What are the different levels?

Answer 10

Micro - personal
meso - organisational
macro - societal

Question 11

What are the different barriers found at the micro level?

Answer 11

+ Constrained in career choice by different psycological factors

Question 12

What are the different barriers found at the meso level?

Answer 12

\+ Glass cliff
\+ male gate-keeping
\+ gendered culture
\+ Lack of support and mentoring
\+ discrimination
\+ Inequality in standards and processes

Question 13

What are the different barriers found at the macro level?

Answer 13

+ behave in line with gender norms to be authentic
+ Leadership
have been ”masculinised” over time

Question 14

What does human capital differences mean?

Answer 14

The relatively lower level of education, training and work experience of women compared to men.

Question 15

What are some of the psycological factors which can constrain career choice?

Answer 15

Communication style, work-life conflict

Question 16

What is a way of addressing these challenges?

Answer 16

Women can seek organisations dominated

by women entrepreneurs

Question 17

What is the feminine advantage?

Answer 17

This says that women are more transformational and should embrace it as it has become a desired type of leadership.

Question 18

Critique of gender and leadership studies?

Answer 18

\+ Meaning of masculine/feminine
\+ further create stereotypes
\+ Seen as opposites
\+ painted the picture that female = follower
\+ focused on western societies
\+ needs to be more intersectional