7.7-8.3 Quiz

Question 1

how is energy transferred

Answer 1

through redox reactions, the transfer of electrons

Question 2

oxidation

Answer 2

loss of electrons

Question 3

reduction

Answer 3

gain of electrons

Question 4

examples of redox reactions

Answer 4

cellular respiration, photosynthesis, etc

Question 5

Redox reactions in cells involve

Answer 5

the transfer of a hydrogen atom, electrons progressively lose free energy through transfers

Question 6

result in the formation of ATP

Answer 6

a series of energy transfers

Question 7

NADPH is involved in

Answer 7

photosynthesis

Question 8

what is the reduced form of FAD

Answer 8

FADH2

Question 9

cytochromes

Answer 9

proteins that contain iron which accepts electrons from hydrogen and then transfers them

Question 10

what is the function of enzymes

Answer 10

increase speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 11

what is catalase

Answer 11

an enzyme with the highest known catalytic rate; protects cells by destroying hydrogen peroxide

Question 12

what is activation energy

Answer 12

the energy required to begin a reaction and break existing bonds

Question 13

enzyme substrate complex

Answer 13

an unstable intermediate complex formed by the enzyme in order to control the reaction

Question 14

enzyme + substrate –>

Answer 14

ES complex

Question 15

ES complex –>

Answer 15

enzyme + product

Question 16

what is an active site

Answer 16

a region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

Question 17

induced fit

Answer 17

binding of substrate to the enzyme causes a change in shape of the enzyme (distorting the chemical bonds of the substrate)

Question 18

two components of some enzymes

Answer 18

apoenzyme and a cofactor (non protein, specific metal ion; iron, copper, zinc, and manganese)

Question 19

what is a coenzymes

Answer 19

organic non polypeptide compound the binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor (carrier molecules)

Question 20

types of coenzymes

Answer 20

NADH, NADPH, FADH2, ATP, Coenzyme A (most vitamins)

Question 21

heat and enzyme relation

Answer 21

enzymes are heat tolerant, arches have certain enzymes that allow them to survive extreme habitats

Question 22

enzymes have an optimal pH

Answer 22

most human enzymes is 6 to 8

Question 23

metabolic pathways

Answer 23

the product of one enzymes-controlled reaction serves as substrate for the next reaction

Question 24

gene control

Answer 24

a specific gene directs synthesis of each type of enzyme
(genes can be switched on the amount of enzyme can influence the reaction)

Question 25

how can rate of reaction be limited

Answer 25

by enzyme concentration or by substrate concentration

Question 26

enzymatic reactions reactant and product relationship

Answer 26

the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next

Question 27

feedback inhibition

Answer 27

enzyme regulation in which the formation of a product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence

Question 28

allosteric site

Answer 28

modifies the enzyme's activity when an allosteric regulator is bound to it , keeps the enzyme inactive equaling a functional active site

Question 29

competitive inhibition

Answer 29

the inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme (temporary)

Question 30

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 30

the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at the a site other than the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme and inactivating it

Question 31

irreversible inhibition

Answer 31

inhibitor permanently inactivates or destroys an enzyme when the inhibitor combines with one of the enzymes functional group, either at the active site of elsewhere (poisons)

Question 32

why do cells use aerobic respiration

Answer 32

to obtain energy from glucose (glucose oxidized, oxygen reduced)

Question 33

aerobic respiration requires

Answer 33

O2 and nutrients are catabolized to CO2 and H2O, free energy increases

Question 34

stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 34

glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle and electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 35

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 35

in the cytoplasm, making pyruvate and 2 ATP

Question 36

dehydrogenations

Answer 36

two hydrogens are transferred to NAD+ or FAD

Question 37

decarboxylation

Answer 37

part of a carboxyl group is removed as a molecules of CO2

Question 38

preparation reaction

Answer 38

molecules are rearranged to undergo further dehydrations or decarboxylation

Question 39

phosphorylation

Answer 39

transfer of a phosphate group, may be substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

Question 40

two ways ATP is produced

Answer 40

substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 41

substrate phosphorylation

Answer 41

a phosphate group is transferred directly from an organic molecules to ADP

Question 42

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 42

transfer of phosphate group to ADP is due indirectly to the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, and directly chemiosmosis

Question 43

what stages of respiration occur in the mitochondria

Answer 43

formation of acetyl coA, citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 44

glycolysis

Answer 44

starts with a 6 carbon and 2 ATP in, ends with 4 ATP 3 pyruvate; endergonic and exergonic reaction

Question 45

glycolysis net yield

Answer 45

2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 46

first phase of glycolysis

Answer 46

input of energy; transfer of phosphate group from ATP to glucose. yields 2 G3P (high energy) glucose + 2 ATP = 2 G3P + 2 ADP

Question 47

second phase of glycolysis (energy capture)

Answer 47

G3P oxidized and converted to pyruvate 2 G3P + 2 NAD+ +4ADP = 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

Question 48

overall glycolysis makes

Answer 48

2 G3P, 2 ADP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP

Question 49

stage 2 pyruvate converted to aceyl coA

Answer 49

pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, NAD+ is reduced to NADH 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 3 CoA = 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

Question 50

total end results of aerobic respiration

Answer 50

2 G3P, 2 ADP, 2 pyruvate, 4 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2

Question 51

Cirtic Acid Cycle / Krebs cycle/ TCA cycle

Answer 51

acetyl CoA tranfers acetoyl group (2C's) to oxaloacetate (4 C's) to form citrate (6 C's) oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA == citrate + CoA

Question 52

citric acid cycle net yield

Answer 52

6 CO2, 6 NADH

Question 53

citric acid cycle products

Answer 53

1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH