Ch4&5 Test Study Guide (BRC)

Question 1

magnification

Answer 1

the ratio of the size of the object seen with the microscope to the actual size
(making something small seem large)

Question 2

resolution

Answer 2

the ability to see two objects separately or distinguish two objects from each other

Question 3

scanning electron microscope

Answer 3

used to see the details on the surface of the cell

Question 4

transmission electron microscope

Answer 4

used to see the details of cellular components and internal cellular structures

Question 5

cell fractionation

Answer 5

separation of cell components; broken apart via centrifugation and organelles are separated by density (more dense= sink, less dense=suspends)

Question 6

glycocalyx

Answer 6

matrix that aids cells in recognition, contact, and adhesion to other cells

Question 7

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 7

-cells are basic loving units of organization and function
-cells come from other cells
-cells have a common origin

Question 8

What is the significance of cell size and surface area?

Answer 8

surface area/volume ratio decreases as the cell increases; small cells have a large ratio which allows for faster diffusion

Question 9

prokaryote

Answer 9

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Question 10

eukaryote

Answer 10

specialized membrane bound organelles and membrane enclosed nucleus

Question 11

what are the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 11

the membrane allows for specialization and simultaneous functioning of cells

Question 12

What is the path of a protein through the EMS

Answer 12

made/packaged by the rough ER–> transported vesicles carriers protein to cis face entry and fuses to Golgi–> Golgi modifies/packages as it travels through the medial region–> exits trans face through a new vesicle

Question 13

cilia vs flagella

Answer 13

cilia are small and move substances across cell surfaces while flagella are ling and helps cells move through watery environments

Question 14

nucleus structure

Answer 14

where rRNA is made, enclosed nuclear envelopes (inner/outer), nuclear pores for transport in/out cell

Question 15

what is the nucleus’ function

Answer 15

control center

Question 16

what is the structure of a ribosome?

Answer 16

large & small subunit

Question 17

what is the structure and functions of the smooth ER?

Answer 17

has no attached ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and breaks down toxins

Question 18

what is the structure and functions of the rough ER?

Answer 18

has attached ribosomes, synthesizes proteins

Question 19

what is the structure of the Golgi complex?

Answer 19

flattened membranous sacs (cisternae), cis face, medial region, and trans face

Question 20

what is the function go the clog complex?

Answer 20

process, sort, and modify proteins (post office)

Question 21

what is the structure of the mitochondria?

Answer 21

inner/outer membrane, inner fold (cristae), matrix (space between the (cristae)

Question 22

what is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 22

produces ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 23

what is the structure of chloroplast?

Answer 23

inner/outer membrane, thylakoid discs, granum stacks, and stroma

Question 24

what is the function of chloroplast?

Answer 24

produce glucose through photosynthesis

Question 25

what is the structure and function of lysosomes?

Answer 25

hydrolytic enzymes; digest bacteria and debris

Question 26

what is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 26

metabolize organic molecules

Question 27

what is the structure and function of vacuoles?

Answer 27

large membrane enclose sacs; plant growth and development

Question 28

what is the structure and function of microtubules?

Answer 28

hollow, rigid tubes; aid in movement

Question 29

what is the function fo centrosomes?

Answer 29

aid in cell division

Question 30

what is the structure of microfilaments?

Answer 30

7nM diameter, solid/flexible, two intertwined chains of beadlike actin molecules

Question 31

what is the function of microfilaments?

Answer 31

form cell cortex inside plasma membrane, generate movement (actin myosin)

Question 32

what is the structure and function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 32

10nMin diameter, tough/flexible; strength/stability to cell

Question 33

what is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 33

phospholipid molecules behave like liquid crystals and ratite laterally very freely. The molecules are always moving and the configuration of phospholipids is always changing

Question 34

integral proteins

Answer 34

proteins bound to the cell membrane

Question 35

transmembrane proteins

Answer 35

integral proteins that extend through the cell membrane

Question 36

peripheral proteins

Answer 36

attached to one side of the sell membrane

Question 37

what is selective permeability?

Answer 37

allowing certain substances to pass through the membrane while preventing others

Question 38

aquaporins

Answer 38

channel proteins that allow the passage of water

Question 39

diffusion

Answer 39

the flow of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 40

osmosis

Answer 40

the flow of water from an area of Hugh water concentration to an are of low water concentration

Question 41

passive transport

Answer 41

transport of molecules across the cell membrane that does not require energy, high concentration to low concentration

Question 42

active transport

Answer 42

transport of molecules across the cell membrane that relies energy. low concentration to high concentration

Question 43

example of active transport

Answer 43

NA+/K+ pump the transport of Na+ out of the cell and against the against the gradient and K+ in the cell against the gradient

Question 44

cotransport

Answer 44

the transport of one substance down its concentration gradient provides energy for the transport of another substance against its gradient

Question 45

phagocytosis

Answer 45

"cell eating"; the intak of large particles by the cell

Question 46

what is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 46

has 2 layer of phospholipids; fatty acid tails, and glycerol heads

Question 47

the role of lipids in membrane fluidity?

Answer 47

in low temps, lipids keep the membrane fluid and flexible and in high temps, lipids act as a buffers and stabilize the hydro carbon chains

Question 48

what are the function of the lipid bilayer?

Answer 48

boundary, work surface, and store potential energy

Question 49

what are the functions of membrane proteins?

Answer 49

transport, catalyze enzymatic reactions, anchoring cells, receive, and identification

Question 50

what is the lipid bilayer permeable to?

Answer 50

small non polar molecules, small polar molecules, and gases (N2, O2, and CO2)

Question 51

what is a carrier protein?

Answer 51

changes shape to transport substances

Question 52

what is a channel protein?

Answer 52

opens a gates ot transport substances

Question 53

what is simple diffusion?

Answer 53

a substance moves directly down a concentration gradient through the membrane

Question 54

what is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 54

cells expel substances from the cell

Question 55

what is the structure of desmosomes?

Answer 55

dense materials and protein filaments that are anchored to the intermediate filaments of the cell

Question 56

where are desmosomes & adhering junctions found?

Answer 56

epithelial cells

Question 57

what is the stricture of adhering junctions?

Answer 57

cadherins form tight bells around the cell (connected to microfilament)

Question 58

what is the function of tight junctions?

Answer 58

connect to cell membrane tightly leaving no space

Question 59

what is the function of a gap junction?

Answer 59

uses connexion molecules to form nervous, cardia, muscle channels

Question 60

what is the function of plasmodesmatas?

Answer 60

channels pass through walls of neighboring cells, smooth ER of adjacent cells are connected