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AP World History > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
- ignored Chinese political and cultural traditions

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2
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368 - lasted until 1644

  • initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China
  • sought to erase signs of Mongol influence and restore traditional ways to China
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3
Q

Hongwu

A

First Ming emperor in 1368

  • originally of peasant lineage
  • drove out Mongol influence
  • restored position of scholar-gentry
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4
Q

Great Wall

A

Precedents dates back to 4th century bce

  • first emperor of Qin dynsasty ordered construction during 3rd century bce
  • Ming-dynasty Project
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5
Q

Emperor Wanli

A

Ming emperor who refused to meet with government officials

  • indulged his taste for wine
  • conducted BYU’s was through eunuch intermediaries
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6
Q

Eunuchs

A

Found favor with Ming empire Roa by procuring concubines for them and providing amusement
- as influence increased corruption and inefficiency spread throughout government and weakened Ming state

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7
Q

Manchus

A

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644 - which was the last of China’s imperial dynasties

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8
Q

Nurhaci

A

united the Manchu tribes into a centralized stare, promulgated code of laws and organized powerful military force in the early 17th century

  • defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty
  • preserves own ethnic and cultural identity by outlawing intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese and forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning Manchuria language
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9
Q

Emperor Kangxi

A

Fourth emperor of Qing dynasty - studied Confucian classics and sought to apply teachings through his policies

  • also conquered and oversaw construction of vast Qing empire (conquered islands of Taiwan, conquests in Mongolia and Central Asia extended almost to Caspian Sea, imposes Chinese protectorate over Tibet)
  • sought to forestall problems with nomadic peoples by projecting influence throughout central Asia
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10
Q

Emperor Qianlong

A

Kangxi’s grandson, continued expansion of Chinese influence

  • sought to consolidate Kangxi’s conquests by maintaining military garrisons in eastern Turkestan
  • encouraged merchants to settle there hoping it would stabilize region
  • his reign marked height of Qing dynasty
  • so much wealth that in four occasions he canceled tax collections
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11
Q

Son of Heaven

A

Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty
- acknowledges the ruler’s position as intermediary between heaven and earth.

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12
Q

Scholar-Bureaucrats

A

Scholar-officials that were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance

  • required to pass civil service exams - highly educated in Confucianism
  • dominated China’s political and social life
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13
Q

Civil Service Exam

A

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty
- an exam based on Confucian teachings used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy

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14
Q

Filial Piety

A

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors

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15
Q

Foot Binding

A

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller

  • produced pain and restricted women’s movement
  • made it easier to confine women to the household
  • began in Song Dynasty but became popular in late Ming and Qing dynasties
  • became most widespread in wealthy class
  • helped strengthen patriarchal authority in Chinese families during Ming and Qing dynasties
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16
Q

Foreign trade

A

Global trade brought prosperity to China (particularly in early Qing dynasty)

  • Chinese produced silk, porcelain, lacquerware and tea
  • silk industry was especially well organized
  • compensation for exports was primarily silver bullion which supported silver-based Chinese economy and fueled manufacturing
17
Q

Yongle

A

Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia
- sponsored series of seven maritime expeditions led by Zheng He

18
Q

Zheng He

A

An imperial eunuch and Muslim
- entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa

19
Q

Merchants

A

Bottom level of Confucian social hierarchy

  • enjoyed little legal protection and government policy was always critically important to their pursuits
  • yet often garnered official support for enterprises leading to blurred distinction between merchants and gentry
20
Q

Guangzhou

A

a coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton

- houses official merchant guild

21
Q

Zhu Xi

A

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China
- stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action

22
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China

  • it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements
  • was official ideology of Tokugawa bakufu by early eighteenth century
23
Q

Nestorian Christianity

A

Branch of Christianity popular in Asia (spread via Silk Roads) which emphasized the human nature of Christ
- had established churches and monasteries in China as early as seventh century CE

24
Q

Matteo Ricci

A

Founder of the mission to China

  • Italian Jesuit who had the ambitious goal of converting China to Christianity, beginning with Ming emperor Wanli
  • Brilliant learned man as well as polished diplomat
  • his mastery of Chinese language and literature opened doors for other Jesuits
25
Q

Jesuits in China

A

Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite

  • had limited success
  • made Europeans science and technology known to China and made China known to Europe
26
Q

Tokugawa Shogunate

A

a dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867
- sought to lay foundation for long term political and social stability and provided generous support for neo-Confucian studies

27
Q

Tokugawa Ieyasu

A

1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan

  • established Tokugawa bakufu in 1600
  • him and his descendants ruled Tokugawa dynasty until its end in 1867
28
Q

Daimyo

A

Powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from hereditary landholdings

  • shotguns sought to control them
  • 260 or so daimyo functioned as near-absolute rulers within their domains
29
Q

Policy of “Alternate Attendance”

A

Policy instituted by shoguns that required daimyo to maintain their families at Edo and spend every other year at Tokugawa court
- enabled Shoguns to keep eye on daimyo

30
Q

Edo

A

Tokugawa capital city

  • modern-day Tokyo
  • center of the Tokugawa shogunate
31
Q

Ukiyo

A

Aka “floating worlds” - centers of Tokugawa urban culture (entertainment and pleasure quarters)

32
Q

Ihara Saikaku

A

One of the Tokugawa era’s best fiction writers and most prolific poets
- helped create new genre of prose literature

33
Q

Francis Xavier

A

panish Jesuit

  • traveled to Japan in 1549
  • opened mission to seek converts to Christianity
34
Q

Christovao Ferreira

A

Head of Jesuit mission in Japan who gave up Christianity due to Japanese anti-Christian campaign that tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave the islands
- adopted Buddhism

AP World History (33 decks)

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