Period 5: The Industrial Revolution

Question 1

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 1

• began in 1750s in Britain
• resulted in countries developing advanced military weapons which led to imperialism
• factories needed access to raw materials so colonies!

Question 2

What was the process known as enclosure?

Answer 2

Public lands that were shared during the Middle Ages were enclosed by fences, which allowed for private farming and private gain.

Question 3

Why did agricultural output increase in the 1700s?

Answer 3

• potatoes, corn, and other high-yield crops were introduced to Europe from the colonies in the New World
• more advanced farming methods and technology
• enclosure

Question 4

What are some new technologies that improved the productivity of farms?

Answer 4

• new machines for plowing, seeding, and reaping

- chemical fertilizers (increased amount of land able to farm and decreased the number of people needed to farm)

Question 5

Who was John Kay?

Answer 5

John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733 which sped up the weaving process.

Question 6

Who was John Hargreaves?

Answer 6

John Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny in 1764 which was capable of spinning vast amounts of thread.

Question 7

Who was Eli Whitney?

Answer 7

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 which allowed for massive amounts of cotton to be quickly processed in the Americas and exported to Europe. He also developed the system of interchangeable parts.

Question 8

Who was Thomas Newcomer?

Answer 8

Thomas Newcomer developed an inefficient steam engine in the early 1700s.

Question 9

Who was James Watt?

Answer 9

James Watt dramatically improved Thomas Newcomer’s steam engine in 1769, which was revolutionary because steam could not only be used to generate power for industry but also for transportation.

Question 10

Who was Robert Fulton?

Answer 10

Robert Fulton built the first steamship in 1807.

Question 11

Who was George Stephenson?

Answer 11

George Stephenson built the first steam-powered locomotive in the 1820s.

Question 12

Who was Samuel Morse?

Answer 12

Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1837, which allowed people to communicate across great distances within seconds.

Question 13

Who was Alexander Graham Bell?

Answer 13

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

Question 14

Who was Thomas Edison?

Answer 14

Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb in 1879, which allowed factories to run all night.

Question 15

Who was Gottlieb Daimler?

Answer 15

Gottlieb Daimler invented the internal combustion engine in 1885.

Question 16

Who was Guglielmo Marconi?

Answer 16

Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio in 1890s based on designs by Thomas Edison.

Question 17

Who was Charles Darwin?

Answer 17

Charles Darwin developed the concept of evolution by means of natural selection.

Question 18

Who was Henry Ford?

Answer 18

Henry Ford developed the concept of the assembly line.

Question 19

Who was Adam Smith?

Answer 19

Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations (1776) that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership. He supported the free market system aka capitalism.

Question 20

What is laissez-faire capitalism?

Answer 20

Laissez-faire capitalism is when governments remove themselves entirely from regulation.

Question 21

Who was Karl Marx?

Answer 21

• a German economist and philosopher
• spent a lot of his life in poverty
• said factory workers had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism
• wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 with Friedrich Engels saying that the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production
• Marxism served as the foundation of socialism and communism

Question 22

Who were Luddites?

Answer 22

• groups of workers in England in the early 1800s who destroyed equipments in factories in the middle of the night to protest working conditions and pitiful wages
• the government sided with the business owners, executing some of the workers and enacting harsh laws against any further action

Question 23

What was the Factory Act of 1883?

Answer 23

• passed by the British Parliament
• limited the hours of each workday
• restricted children from working in factories
• required factory owners to make working conditions safer and cleaner

Question 24

What is social mobility?

Answer 24

Social mobility is the ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next.

Question 25

How did the industrial revolution impact slavery?

Answer 25

• the slave trade was abolished in 1807 which meant no new slaves were transported from Africa although the ownership of existing slaves continued
• the British outlawed slavery in 1833
• slavery was outlawed in the U.S. in 1865 via the 13th Amendment

Question 26

Who were social Darwinists?

Answer 26

• social Darwinists applied Charles Darwin’s biological theory of natural selection to sociology
• claimed that dominant races/classes of people rose to the top through a process of “survival of the fittest”
• meant that because Britain was the most powerful, it was the most fit, and therefore the British were superior to other races

Question 27

Who was Rudyard Kipling?

Answer 27

• wrote a poem titled “White Man’s Burden”
• said it was the duty of Europeans to conquer other people so that they could be converted to Christianity and civilized in the European fashion