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Biochemistry > Midterm II fra pp > Flashcards

Midterm II fra pp Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative processes in living cells leads in general to

A

carbohydrates lipids and proteins will be degradated (catabolic pathways) resulting in chemical energy (ADP red. to ATP), heat, CO2 and H2O production

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2
Q

energy storage fats

A

Triglycerides and phospholipis -> FA -> AcetylCoA

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3
Q

substrate level phosphorylation is seen where

A

Glycolysis

GTP-forming step in TCA cycle

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4
Q

Where does the synthesis of creatine occur

A

in the kidney (1st reaction) and in the liver (2nd reaction)

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5
Q

Name the regulatory enzyme of creatine synthesis

A

Arg-Gly transamidinase

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6
Q

Thioester: btw

A

between a carboxylic acid and a thiol (SH) group, e.g., the thiol of coenzyme A (abbreviated CoA-SH) - High energy bond

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7
Q

thiol of CoA can react with

A

carboxyl group of acetic acid (yielding acetyl~CoA) or a fatty acid (yielding fatty acyl~CoA), water is made

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8
Q

The free energy change of phosphate hydrolysis of phosphocreatine: (kJ/mol)

A

-43.1kJ/mol

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9
Q

The free energy change of phosphate hydrolysis of thioester bonds: (kJ/mol)

A

-31.48kJ/mol

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10
Q

The free energy change of phosphate hydrolysis of ATP: (kJ/mol)

A

-30.6kJ/mol

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11
Q

heparin function

A

anti-coagulant

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12
Q

Aldose and ketose example of a triose?

A

Aldose; Glyceraldehyde

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13
Q

Aldose and ketose example of a pentose?

A

Aldose; ribose, deoxyribose

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14
Q

Aldose and ketose example of a hexose?

A

Aldose; Glucose, galactose, mannose

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15
Q

Functions of oligosaccharides?

A
  • milk constituents
  • prebiotics, digested by microbial flora
  • ABO blood group specificity, antigenicity
  • constituents of glycoproteins and glycolipids (membranes)
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16
Q

Bonds of Starch and glycogen?

A

Alpha-D-glucose monomers bound by alpha1-4 linkage, at branching points by alpha1-6 linkage

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17
Q

Function of spreading factor of hyaluronic acid?

A

Hyaluronidase (spreading factor) of sperms makes the fertilization of the ovum possible

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18
Q

-Heteropolysaccharides are also called

A

glycoproteins

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19
Q

Animals can synthetize glucose 6-phosphate via?

A

GNG

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20
Q

During strenuous exercise the glycogen is?

A

Broken down to glucose 6-phosphate and oxidized via the glycolysis pathway.

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21
Q

The synthesis of glucose in the liver requires energy in form of?

A

ATP

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22
Q

The energy needed for gluconeogenesis in the liver is supplied mainly by?

A

FA oxidation

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23
Q

Where does GG occur

A

Cytoplasm of liver, muscle, kidney and parenchymal cells

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24
Q

Where does GGL occur

A

cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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25
Q

Function of phosphodiesterase enzyme, is activated by

A

cAMP degradation, activated by insulin

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26
Q

GNG for glucose production is necessary as fuel source for

A

brain, testes, erythrocytes (in erythrocytes no mitochondria for ATP production) and adrenal medulla since glucose is the sole energy source for these organs

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27
Q

GNG occur mainly

A

in the liver

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28
Q

AcCoA synthesis from pyruvate where

A

pyruvate enters mitochondria to be synthesized into AcCoA

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29
Q

The two molecules of acetyl-CoA from the transition reaction enter the citric acid cycle. This results in the formation of?

A

6 NADH+H+

2 FADH2

2 GTP

4 CO2

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30
Q

Uncoupling protein examples:

A

thermogenin, dinitrophenol (warmth production)

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31
Q

Where does FA and steroid biosynthesis occur -> has high levels of which enzymes

A

cells of the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, testis and lactating mammary gland –> have high levels of the PPP enzymes

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32
Q

Lactose(milk sugar) consists of

A

β-D-gal + β-D-glu

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33
Q

Localization of galactogenesis

A

bone, cartilage, mammary gland

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34
Q

From galactose these endproducts can be synthesized

A

Chondroitin

lactose

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35
Q

Galactolysis intake how:

A

absorption of galactose by SGLT-1 (apical side of erythrocytes, similarly as glucose), then GLUT-2 (basolateral side of erythrocytes, similarly as glucose)

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36
Q

Transamination of alanine to make

A

pyruvic acid and glutamic acid

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37
Q

Where are transaminases located?

A

Cytosol or mitochondrion

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38
Q

Which two substances serve as the collection and receiving agent for nitrogen?

A

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid and glutamic acid

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39
Q

What happens during oxidative deamination?

A

An amino acid is converted into the corresponding keto acid by the removal of the amine functional group as ammonia, and replaced by ketone group

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40
Q

On what substance does the oxidative deamination primarily occur?

A

On glutamic acid, because glutamic acid was the end product of many transamination reactions.

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41
Q

Deamination is a reaction only for glutamic acid, but other amino acids are also deaminated. How?

A

A combination of transamination and deamination of glutamic acid = trans-deamination, a recycling type of reaction for glutamic acid. The original amino acid loses its amine group in the process.

42
Q

Detoxification of ammonia in the kidney?

A

glutaminase -> NH4⁺

43
Q

glutamin synthase found in

A

the liver

44
Q

Coenzyme in decarboxylation of amino acids?

A

PALP

45
Q

Steps before cholamine? found where

A

Ser [Symbol] ethanolamine = cholamine, eg. in phospholipids

46
Q

Steps to Cysteamine and Beta-alanine?

A

Cys [Symbol] cysteamine

Asp [Symbol] Beta-alanine

47
Q

Steps to Taurine?

A

Cys [Symbol] cysteic acid [Symbol] taurine

48
Q

Steps to Putrescine and Cadaverine?

A

Ornitine [Symbol] Putrescine

Lys [Symbol] Cadaverine

49
Q

Degradation of heme

A

by the cells of mononuclear phagocyte system=MPS in spleen, liver and bone marrow

50
Q

Lecithin, Cephalin, Inositol phosphatides & amp; Plasmalogens

A

Membrane constituents

51
Q

Degradation of plasmalogens by?

A

Phospolipases (PLAs) A1, A2 (snake venom), C & D

52
Q

Where are the GALACTOcerebrosides found?

A

Predominantly in neuronal cell membranes.

53
Q

Where are the GLUCOcerebrosides found?

A

Have the specific function to be in the cell membranes of macrophages.

54
Q

Function of Gangliosides?

A

Give identity of the cells, such as blood group specificity

55
Q

Where is Cholesterol synthesized?

A

Liver, gonads (and intestines)

56
Q

Where is Cholesterol found?

A

In biological membranes and in the blood

57
Q

beta ox where

A

matrix of mitochondrion

58
Q

stearic acid atp

A

146

59
Q

stearoyl CoA atp

A

148

60
Q

glucagon and starch is made up of

A

alpha D glucose

61
Q

cellulose made up of

A

beta D glucose

62
Q

Function of cAMP stimulated by glucagon

A

increase glycogenolysis

63
Q

Active PKA enzyme (protein kinase A)

A

Activate glycogenolysis and lipolysis

64
Q

glycogenolysis is inactivated by

A

phosphorylation

65
Q

glycogenesis is inactivated by

A

de-phosphorylation

66
Q

insulin produces PIP3 which activates

A

glycogenesis

67
Q

Adenylase Cyclase (AC) function and activated by

A

create cAMP

activated by glucagon and adrenalin

68
Q

GNG in RU

A

low blood sugar conc. -> GNG takes place continously

imp in early lactation

69
Q

Glycerol-P shuttle is found, function

A

in muscle and brain

- bring cytoplasmic NADH2 to mitochondrion, 2ATPs are used

70
Q

erythrocytes use PPP for what

A

NADPH+H+ used in the reduction of glutathione, which protect against oxidative damage

71
Q

blood glucose levels in ru, non-ru and birds

A

birds: 8-9mmol/L
non-ru: 4-5
ru: 2-3

72
Q

Frucose is absorbed how in the liver

A

GLUT-5 transporter together with glucose on apical side

73
Q

Rate limiting step in hemoglobin synthesis

A

Is the first step of the synthesis

74
Q

Icterus types

A

prehepatic (because of hemolysis)

hepatic (because of liver disease)

posthepatic (because of bile stones)

75
Q

The 3 steps(products) of degredation of heme

A

Heme-> biliverdin -> bilirubin

76
Q

Is Heparin sulphated?

A

yes

77
Q

Why is Heparin called a clearing factor?

A

Because of the liberation of lipoprotein lipase in the blood

78
Q

Mitochondrial ATP synthase

A

A major source of cellular energy production in form of ATP is derived from the proton motive force, supplied to mitochondrial ATP synthase

79
Q

Using NADH+H+ as the initial H/electron donor, complex I generates a net result of how many protons and H?

A

4 protons pumped out

80
Q

complex 2 of resp chain

A

Succinate dehydrogenase, (FAD)

no proton pumping, fumarate prod

81
Q

cytochromes in which complexes

A

Complexes III and IV

82
Q

which complex in Resp chain make water

A

IV

83
Q

ATP of resp chain is formed where

A

matrix of mitochondrium

84
Q

What are the essential amino acids in ruminants?

A

None. Production happens in the rumen by microbes

85
Q

what are ketogenic and glucogenic aa

A

glucogenic: aa can form AcCoA
ketogenic: aa can form OAC
- can be mixed type

86
Q

are there more ketogenic or glucogenic amino acids

A

glucogenic

87
Q

birds urea cycle

A

dont have, lacking arginase

88
Q

What is the extrahepatic portosystemic shunt?

A

Blood of the portal vein enters in vena cava (not in the liver): risk of ammonia toxicosis increases (ammonia can not enter in the liver and urea cycle
– yorkies are most at risk!!

89
Q

tp ammonia

A

in form of glutamine

90
Q

catecholamines are derived from

A

tyramine

91
Q

role of taurine

A

Have a role in bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are conjugated with Taurine to produce bile salts (we have to know its role in bile acid synthesis)
ESSENTIAL IN CATS

92
Q

Main role of Glutathione?

A

Antioxidant activity, found in all cell types

93
Q

What can emulsified fats be degraded by (after emulsification)

A

Pancreatic lipases (lipase and phospholipase A2)

94
Q

Triacylglycerols are synthesized in the liver

  1. packed into
  2. solubilized in
A
  1. VLDLs

2. chylomicrons

95
Q

transport and storage of cholesterol

A

storage: Esterified by palmitic or linoeic acid
transport: Esterified by fatty acids of lecithin

96
Q

Where are the primary bile acids produced, and which?

A

Produced in the liver, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid

97
Q

Where are secondary bile acids produced, and which?

A

Produced in the intestines, deoxycholic acid and litocholic acid

98
Q

How does the bile acids solubilize and transport lipids in aqueous environment?

A

micelles

99
Q

What accounts for the majority of cholesterol breakdown in the body?

A

Hepatic synthesis of bile acids.

100
Q

How does bile acids participate in cholesterol metabolism?

A

They function as hormones, that alter the transcription of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

101
Q

start codon

A

AUG

Biochemistry (30 decks)

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