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Biochemistry > protein oral topics > Flashcards

protein oral topics Flashcards

1
Q

oxidative de-amination of D-aa

A

peroxisomes is an organelle that contain the aerobe D-amino acid oxidase, used as a defence system to generate hydrogen peroxide - antimicrobial

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2
Q

what happens to N-free carbon chain of AA (after de-amination)

A

ketogenic and/or glucogenic aa’s are made. these enter the TCA cycle at different places to be utilized

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3
Q

which are ketogenic amino acids

A

leucine

  • can be converted to acetylCoA
  • if no OAC is present, leu will enter ketogenesis (acetoacetate) instead
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4
Q

which are glucogenic amino acids

A

if the diet lacks carbs, aa’s are converted into pyruvate or OAC to be used in TCA, make glucose is goal

(ala, arg, asn, asp, cys, glu, gln, gly, his, met, pro, ser, thr, val)

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5
Q

gluco or ketogenic amino acids

A

can form partly acetylCoA, partly OAC

Phe, ile, trp, tyr, lys

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6
Q

schiff base

A

using the cofactor PALP to make a imine link (N=C) btw PALP and the aa and then transferring the imine bond to the aa using water, creating a alpha-ketoacid, and vice versa an amino acid

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7
Q

essential amino acids

A

THILLT MVP

P - phenylalanine, T - threonine, tryptophan

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8
Q

what are biogenic amines

A

decarboxylated amino acids
- synth in microbial, vegetable and animal metabolisms. In food and beverages they are formed by the enzymes of raw material or are generated by microbial decarboxylation of amino acids

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9
Q

histidine as biogenic amine

A

histamine

  • capillary dilator, allergic reactions (H1-rec)
  • secretion of gastric juice (H2-rec)
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10
Q

Lysine as biogenic amine

A

cadaverine

- produced by bacterium, responsible for foul smelling odor of dead flesh

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11
Q

ornithine as biogenic amine

A

putrescine

- produced by bacterium, responsible for foul smelling odor of dead flesh

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12
Q

Tryptophan as biogenic amine

A

tryptamine
- neurotransmitter; SM contraction
serotonine
- neurotransmitter; SM contraction

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13
Q

aspartate as biogenic amine

A

B-alanine

  • synthesis of pentochloric acid(?)
  • used in synth of coenzyme A
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14
Q

coenzyme A

A

synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle
- made from vit B5

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15
Q

glutamate as biogenic amine

A

GABA

- inhibitory neurotransmitter

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16
Q

serine as biogenic amine

A

ethanolamine=cholamine

- made of phosholipids used in biological membranes

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17
Q

cysteine as biogenic amine

A

cysteamine
- vasoconstrictor, SM constrictor
- used in synth of pantothenic acid (Vit B5)
cysteic acid -> taurine
- bile salt synthesis, essential for carbs

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18
Q

tyrosine as biogenic amine

A

tyramine
- neurotransmitter, smooth muscle contraction
DOPA
- dopamine -> neurotransmitter, hormone

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19
Q

carnosine and anserine effect

A

antioxidants, buffering of lactate in muscle

20
Q

carnosine made of and found where

A

B-ala and His

- muscle and brain of mammals

21
Q

anserine made of and found where

A

B-ala and CH3-His

- muscle and brain of birds

22
Q

interspp: essential aa’s

A

ru: all are synth in the rumen by microbes
birds: gly, arg
Fe: taurine (cys)

23
Q

glutathione effect

A

in RBC removes harmful peroxides via glutathione peroxidase

24
Q

Gamma glutamoyl cycle

A

transfer aa across membrane to GGcycle, where the aa becomes an acceptor for the glutamoyl moiety, the glutathione formed will be an antioxidant (reduced, -H)

PPP supply RBC with NADPH+H+ to maintain its reduced state.

25
Q

what would happen W/O the GGcycle

A

incr. H2O2 -> MetHb

26
Q

production of ammonia

A
  1. oxidative deamination
  2. degr. of biogenic amines
  3. absorption from the GI tract (mainly ru)
27
Q

detoxification of ammonia

A
  1. urea cycle: liver
  2. Glutamine synth from glu: liver
  3. Asparagine synth from asp: liver
  4. L-glu synth from alpha-ketoglutarate: liver
  5. purine synth -> uric acid
28
Q

PALP is used

A

as cofactor in transamination, deamination nd decarboxylation reactions

29
Q

TPP cofactor is used in

A

cytosol for the activity of transketolase and in the mitochondria for the activity of pyruvate-, oxoglutarate- and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenases

30
Q

biotin

A

as cofactor in carboxylation reactions (carboxylases)

31
Q

urea cycle in ru

A

ruminohepatic system

  • bacterial metabolism play a key role
  • non-protein N - bacterium to make protein or ammonia
32
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

4 heme, 4 pp chains = hemoglobin

fetal: 2 alpha, 2 gamma
adult: 2 alpha, 2 beta

33
Q

hemoglobin role

A
  • bind 4 oxygen used in resp chain of tissues
34
Q

hemoglobin binding of oxygen

A
  1. confirmational change: from tense to relaxed form, makes binding of 2nd ox easier
35
Q

inhibiting the binding of oxygen and co2 how

A

200-300x higher affinity for CO than O2 -> hb can no longer carry O2 or CO2

methemoglobin: Fe³⁺ instead of Fe²⁺, ox binding not possible

36
Q

the first 2 steps of hemoglobin synthesis: where, inhibitiation?

A

1st: mitochondrion
2nd: cytoplasm

ALA dehydratase is inhibited by lead

37
Q

where is iron stored after degr. of hb

A

phagocytes as Fe³⁺

- speen, liver and bone marrow

38
Q

icterus

A

high conc. of bilirubin 1/2 in the blood

  • prehepatis (hemolysis)
  • hepatic (liver disease)
  • post hepatic (gall stone)
39
Q

myoglobin composition

A

1 heme and 1 polypeptide

- hyperbolic saturation curve as skeltal mm. needs oxygen quicker than other tissues

40
Q

paralytic myoglobinuria

A

in horser esp.: genetic background

  • muscle cell, kidney damage
  • myoglobin in circulation -> urine -> black urine
41
Q

cytochromes

A

found in respiratory chain as electron carrier, e.g. - P450:
heme as cofactor; metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.

42
Q

catalase and peroxidase function

A

antioxidant controle prevents Fe²⁺ -> Fe³⁺ in hb making hemin, which is not able to carry O2 or CO2

43
Q

what can iron be stored as

A

hemosiderin: not water soluble
ferritin: water soluble

44
Q

iron sources

A

Fe²⁺
Fe³⁺ from plants
heme: Fe²⁺

45
Q

what is needed to transport iron on the apical side of enterocytes

A

ascorbic acid - vit. C

46
Q

hepicidin

A

inhibit ferroportin during inflammation, leading to an decr. in RBC

47
Q

iron deficiency leads to, where is iron lost

A

hair loss, nail loss
iron loss through
- urine, sweat, milk, blood loss

Biochemistry (30 decks)

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