Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals Of Life Science > Structure and replication of DNA > Flashcards

Structure and replication of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main FLS concepts?

A

The central dogma

Changes in gene expression results in cell specialisation

Cell structure and function is entirely dependent upon energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

The idea of the two-step process of transcription and translation
Information resides in NDA which goes to RNA which in turn transmits information. The proteins then act based upon this information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is DNA?

A

A macromolecule of a nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Two polynucleotide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is each polynucleotide made up of?

A

Many nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogen containing base
Phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the four bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Sugar + base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the bond between the sugar and the base?

A

A glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the bond between the sugar and the phosphate?

A

A phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is DNA described as anti-parallel?

A

The two strands run parallel to each other but in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine and thymine?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between cytosine and guanine?

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which two bases are purine?

A

Adenine

Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which two bases are pyramidine?

A

Cytosine

Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does a purine base differ from a pyramidine base?

A

Purine bases have two rings

Pyramidine bases have one ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the major groove?

A

The space between two turns of the double helix

18
Q

What is the minor groove?

A

The space between two strands of DNA

19
Q

What is meant by the 5 prime end?

A

The 5 carbon sugars are asymmetrical

The side the 5th carbon is found is the 5 prime end

20
Q

Describe asexual reproduction in prokaryote

A 
Entire genome in one circular chromosome
The chromosome replicates once 
Two chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell 
Cell divides 
Daughter cells have 1 chromosome each
21
Q

Describe asexual reproduction in eukaryotes

A

DNA replicates during S phase
Gene expression occurs in G1 and 2
Nuclear division occurs in mitosis
Cell division occurs at the end of mitosis

22
Q

Why is DNA replication described as semi-conservative?

A

The strands separate

A new strand is made using an old strand as a template

23
Q

Which is the first enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

Helicase unwinds the double helix DNA

24
Q

Which is the second enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

Single-strand binding protein binds to and stabilises the single strand to keep DNA unwound

25
Q

Which is the third enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

DNA primase adds ribonuceloside triphosphate to synthesise and RNA primer

26
Q

What is the fourth enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase proceeds in a 5’ to 3’ direction

27
Q

What rate does DNA polymerase work at?

A

1000 bases a second

28
Q

What 3 things does DNA polymerase rely on?

A

Template
Primer
All 4 nucleotides

29
Q

What is the fifth enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

Exonuclease removes nucleotides from the end of a DNA strand

Has a 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’ version

30
Q

What is the sixth enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

Ligase joins ends of single DNA strands by making new phosphate bonds

31
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A

Single stranded

Uracil instead of thymine

32
Q

What is the name given to the adding of nucleotides by DNA polymerase?

A

Elongation

33
Q

What does exonuclease remove?

A

The RNA primer

34
Q

What names are given to the two strands?

A

Leading and lagging

35
Q

What causes differences in the two strands?

A

DNA polymerase has to work 5’ to 3’

36
Q

What happens to the lagging strand?

A

It is fragmented

These fragments are called Okazaki fragments

37
Q

How many origins of replication are there in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have one

Eukaryotes have many

38
Q

What is the seventh enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

Gyrase relaxes supercoils produced when the molecule is twisted during replication
Also facilitates unwinding at the beginning

39
Q

What is the eight enzyme involved in DNA replication?

A

Telomerase uses a short RNA template to add short DNA repeats to the short ends of linear chromosomes when the last primer is removed using RNA template to protect the genetic information

40
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the double strand splits?

A

Replication fork

Fundamentals Of Life Science (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions