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Fundamentals Of Life Science > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the microanatomy of cells and the integration of their visual appearance to their structure and function

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2
Q

What are the 4 main tissues?

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscles

Nervous

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3
Q

Define anabolic

A

Small molecules combine to form 1 big one

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4
Q

Define catabolic

A

1 big molecule breas down into smaller molecules

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5
Q

What are the destinations of proteins synthesised by RER associated and free ribosomes?

A

RER associated -Synthesise proteins for secretion and addition to cell membranes such as channel/transporter proteins, excreted proteins such as hormones will be used outside of the cell

Free- Synthesise proteins to be used within the cell

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6
Q

What is the main histological preparation process?

A
  1. Carry out biopsy - collection of tissue from the specimine
  2. Sample placed in fixative fluid
  3. Sample dehydrate in a series of alcohol baths with anincreasing concentration (50, 70, 95, 100)
  4. Cells then placed into a paraffin bloc
  5. Paraffin bloc is heated and the cells absorb the wax as the bloc melts. As it cools the cells are embedded into the wax
  6. sample is sliced along the paraffin bloc approx 7um
  7. Sample is stained to see the tissue structure
  8. The sample can now be placed on a slide and viewed under a microscope
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7
Q

What is the main standard stain?

A

H&E Haematoxylin and Eosine

Haematoxylin - Basic stain
Stains nucleus purple due to the acidic nature of DNA

Eosine - Acidic stain
Stains cytoplams pink due to the basic nature of the proteins present and many other components

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8
Q

Why do you dehydrate the histological preparation sample?

A

Prevents water from the sample reacting with the stain or dehydration chemicals

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9
Q

What colour does the nucleus, cytoplasm and connective tissue appear after staining with HvG

A

HvG - Haematoxylin and Van Gieson

Nucleus - grey/blue

Cytoplasm - Green/yellow

Connective tissue - red (collagen)

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10
Q

How are epithelial tissues classifiied?

A

Number of cell layers - 1 layer = simple… 2 layers = Stratefied

Shape of cells - Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Specialisation - Microvilli, cilia, keratinisation, Goblet cells

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11
Q

What is the apical and basal layer?

A

Apical - Top layer facing the lumen

Basal - Bottom layer facing the connective tissue

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12
Q

Where would simple columnar epithelia be found and what would be its funciton?

A

Found - Gall bladder, small intestine

Use - Absorption of substances

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13
Q

Where would simple cuboidal epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found -Collecting tubes of kidney, small excretory ducts and pancreas

Use - exretory, secretory or absorptive functions

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14
Q

Where would simple squamous epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found - alveoli, blood vessels, lining/body cavities

Use - selective diffusion, absorption, secretion

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15
Q

What would simle columnar ciliated epithelia be found and what would be its funciton?

A

Found - Fallopian tubes

Use - Ciliary action aids transport of the ovum from the ovary

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16
Q

What would stratefied squamous epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found - Ora cavity, pharynx, eosophagus, anal canal, uterine, cervix and vagina

Use - Protective function due to large number of cells

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17
Q

Where would pseudostratefied columnar ciliated epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found - Respiratory tract and in nose and sinuses

Use - Cilia move mucus around respiratory tract

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18
Q

What are some functions of epithelia tissue?

A

Interface between internal and external environment

Selective diffusion, absorption and secretion

Form glands

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19
Q

What are the importance of intracellular contacts/Junctions?

A

Maintain cell polarity

Maintain tissue integrity (retaining flexibility)

Medaitors of metabolic and information exchange

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20
Q

Define vascular and Avascular?

A

Vascular - Blood vessles present

Avascular - lacks blood vessels

Epithelia are avascular

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21
Q

What is the function of tight Junctions?

A

Limit paracellular transport

Help maintain cell polarity

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22
Q

What is the anatomical classification of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle - Attaches to bones

Cardiac muscle - the heart

Smooth/visceral muscle - internal organs and vessels

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23
Q

What is the histological classification of muscles?

A

Straited - Skeletal /cardiac

Smooth - Visceral

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24
Q

What is the physiological classification of muscles?

A

Voluntary - Skeletal

Involuntary - Smooth/cardiac

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25
Q

What are the components of microfilaments of muscle?

A

Thin - Actin, troponin, tropomyosin

Thick - Mysoin

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26
Q

What are the different sections of a sarcomere?

A

A band - Mysoin filaments, actin filaments

I band - Actin filaments

H zone - Only myosin

Z line - end of sarcomere

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27
Q

What happens to parts of a sarcomere upon muscle contraction?

A

H band disappears

I band Shortens

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28
Q

What are the different sections of connective tissue associated within mucles?

A

Epimysium - Encases all fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres) forming complete muscle

Perimysium - Encircles around a group of muscle fibres forming fascicles

Endomysium - Surrounds muscle cells within a muscle fibre

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29
Q

What are some histological properties of skeletal muscle?

A 
Striated
Multinucleated peripheral  nucleus
Flattened nucleus
No branching
Elongated fibres
No intercalating discs
T-tubules system
Innervated by a single motor axon
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30
Q

What are some histological properties of Cardiac muscle?

A 
Striated
Central nucleus
Shape of nucleus is normal
branching of muscle fibres
Shape of fibres is fibrous
Intercalating discs present
T-tubules system
Innervated by sympathetic nervous system
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31
Q

What are some histological properties of smooth mucsle?

A 
Non-striated
Central nucleus
Nucleus shape is normal
No branching
Fibres are spirally shaped
Has Gap Junctions
No T-tubules system
Innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
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32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis - Provides a protective barrier with the outside environment

Dermis - Support and blood vessels, also contains hair folicules and sweat glands

Hypodermis (subcutis) - Adipose tissue

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33
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection - UV light, Mechanical stress

Sensation - touch, pressure, pain, temperature

Thermoregulation - hairs, sweat glands, blood vessels, adipose tissue

Metabolic functions - Vitamine D synthesis

Sexual signalling - Visual features, sex pheromone production

34
Q

What are the apendages of the skin?

A

Hair, hair folicles
Sweat glands
Subaceous glands

35
Q

What are the properties of the epidermis?

A

Apical outermost layer
Stratefied squamous epithelia
keratinised

36
Q

What are the epidermal layers?

A

Stratum cornea
Straum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Basal

37
Q

What is the extra layer of the epidermis in the palms of hands and soles of feet?

A

Stratum lucidum between cornea and granulosum

38
Q

What are the properties of the dermis?

A 
Connective tissue
Hair folicles
sensory receptors
Sweat glands
Subaceous glands
Blood vessels
39
Q

What are the properties of the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue

40
Q

What are the function of eccrine glands (sweat glands)?

A

Secrete water to the skin surface which then cools the body by evaportation

41
Q

What is the funciton of apocrine glands?

A

Secrete substances whcih produce a sent

42
Q

WHat does the subaceous gland do?

A

keeps the skin moist by secreting an oily substance to the surface

43
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue of mesodermal origin providing structural support and metabolic support for the other tissues and organs in the body.

44
Q

What is connetive tissue made up of?

A

Made up of fibres, ground susbtance and cells

45
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage and bone

46
Q

What are the components of loose connective tissue?

A 
Hydrate ground substance
Collagen fibres
Elastin fibres
Fibroblasts
Immune system cells
Blood vessels
Adipose tissue
47
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

Surrounds blood vessels and underlies all epithelia.
site of exhcange between capillary and tissues (metabolic)
Provides environment for exchange of nutrients and waste products between tissues and the blood

48
Q

What are the components of dense connective tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts
collagen
elastin
reticular fibres
Sparse ground substance
Some immune cells
49
Q

What is the function of dense connective tissue?

A

Provides tough physical support and protection in ligaments, tendons and the dermis of the skin.

Has both regular and irregular forms depedning on the shape and order of collagen fibres

50
Q

What is gound substance?

A

Amorphous fluid which surrounds the fibres and cells which is highly hydrated

51
Q

What are the components of gound substance?

A

Hyaluronic acid - provides strength
Heparan sulphate
keratan sulphate

52
Q

What types of fibres are present in connective tissue and what are their functions?

A

Collagen fibres - provide high tensile strength

Elastin fibres - provide ability to stretch and recoil bac to its original shape

Reticular fibres - provides a scaffolding for cells

53
Q

What are the functions of the 2 types of adipose tissue?

A

White - storage of triglycerides as energy reserve and for metabolic roles

Brown - Metabolises triglycerides for heat under NS control

54
Q

What are the funcitons of chondroblasts and osteoclasts?

A

Chondroblasts - Secrete the elastin and collagen fibres appropriate to the cartilage type GAGs that bind to water

Osteoclasts - secrete the organic osteoid matrix and collagen fibres, the matrix being mineralised later to form bone

55
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Avascular connective tissue found on all articular surfaces of all synovial joints.

Forms the flexible skeleton of the nose, larynx, pinna of the ear and costal cartilages of the ribs

Highly hydrated meaning it can withstand compressive foces to provide almost frictionless surface

56
Q

What are the different types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastin
Fibrous

57
Q

What is the structure of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Highly hydrated ground substance of 3 GAGs (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate)
High density of collagen fibres

58
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Support movable joints between bones due to its frictionless surface and high strength capacity to act as a shock absorber

59
Q

Where would hyaline cartilage be found?

A 
At ends of bones in free moving joints.
at ends of ribs
Nose
Pharynx
Trachea
60
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Specialised form of hyaline cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bone without nervese/vasculature

Smooth surfaced with a low friction coefficient & collagen fibres orientated parallel to the surface of the bone allowing bones to glide over each other

61
Q

What is the structure of elastic cartilage?

A

Structurally similar to hyaline cartilage but also consists of many elastic fibres lying in a solid matrix

62
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Due to its strength and elasticity, elastic cartilage is used to maintain shapes of structures such as the external ear

63
Q

Where would elastic cartilage be found?

A

Larynx

Pinna of the ear

64
Q

What is the structure of fibrous cartilage?

A

The type of collagen is type 1 compared to other cartilage types having type II cartilage

65
Q

What is the function of fibrous cartilage?

A

Very tough and strong and is found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the intersections of ligaments and tendons

66
Q

What is orceine?

A

Type of stain for elastic fibres

67
Q

What are the cells present in cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts - At outer edge of cartilage and secrete ECM

Chondrocytes - Make matrix and maintain the cartilage ECM

68
Q

What is the functional significance of the perichondrium?

A

Functions in growth and repair of cartilage

69
Q

What is bone?

A

Living tissue which is a form of dense irregular connective tissue containing large amounts of collagen and a mineralised ECM

70
Q

What are the different types of bone?

A

Compact bone - Corticle/lamellar

Spongy boen - Cancellous bone

Woven bone - type of cancellous bone

71
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Mechanical support / movement

Calcium homeostasis

Haematopoeisis

72
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Metabolic bone disease

Leads to skeletal fragility and an increased risk of fracture

73
Q

What are the various cells in bones and what are their functions?

A

Osteoblasts - Cells that form bone

Osteocytes - A cell that lies in fully formed bone occupying a lacuna contained in a calcified matrix

Osteoclasts - role in bone remodelling and errode old/damaged bone to then be developed into woven bone and further remodelled into corticle or cancellous bone

74
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Osteons (haverisan system) consist of concentric layers of osteocytes surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves and a lining of osteoblasts

75
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Developing boind or bone formed directly after fractures where the collagen fibres are arranged in a random orientation

76
Q

What is corticle/lamellar bone?

A

80% of adult bone where osteoblasts have laid down the matrix in concentric rings forming osteons and the haversian systems

Forms the peripheral aspect of all bone

77
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Marrow bone which has spaces containing haematopoietic cells (red marrow) or fat (yellow marrow)
Hollow interior is supported by trabuclea

78
Q

What are trabuclea?

A

Boney struts arranged along stress lines

79
Q

What happens if bones lose thier blood supply?

A

Death of tissue - avascular necrosis

80
Q

What are the components of ground substance of bone?

A

GAGs

Hydroxyapartite crystals

Calcium sulphate

Fundamentals Of Life Science (26 decks)

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