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Nursing Year One > Phys II- Digestion > Flashcards

Phys II- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products when the following are digested?

  1. Carbs
  2. Proteins
  3. Fats
A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. amino acids
  3. glycerol and fatty acids
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2
Q

Three Disaccharides

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
  3. Maltose
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3
Q

Three Polysaccharides

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose (not digested)
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4
Q

Example of Monosaccharides

A

C6H2O6

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5
Q

Tissue Layers of Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa
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6
Q

Innervation of the Digestive System

A
  • ANS (long reflex)
  • Intrinsic Nervous Plexus (short reflex)
  • Gastro Hormones
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7
Q

What is the one particle dissolved in the mouth?

A

starch (polysaccharides to disaccharides)

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8
Q

Purpose of the Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter

A

prevents air from entering stomach

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9
Q

Purpose of the Gastroesophageal Sphincter

A

prevents reflux

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10
Q

Two secretions of the stomach

A
  1. HCl
  2. Enzymes
    * for protein digestion
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11
Q

What particle takes the longest to digest and where is it digested?

A
  • fat

- small intestine

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12
Q

Emptying Inhibition (3)

A
  1. Acid in duodenum
  2. Too much chyme
  3. Presence of fat in duodenum
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13
Q

How do emotions effect digestion?

A
  • Sad/ fear–> decreased motility
  • Anger–> increases motility
  • Pain–> stops motility
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14
Q

Oxygenic Mucosa

3 Layers and Functions

A
  1. Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
    • HCl
    • intrinsic factor (B12 absorption, RBC)
  2. Chief Cells
    • pepsinogen
  3. Mucous Cells
    • lubricant
    • protects from HCl and pepsin
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15
Q

Purpose of HCl

A
  • breakdown of connective tissue and muscle fibres
  • denatures protein (pepsin takesover)
  • kills microorganisms
  • optimal medium for pepsin activity
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16
Q

Purpose of Pepsinogen

A
  • splits AA linkages into proteins to make small chains
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17
Q

What are the secretions of…

  1. Oxygenic Mucosa
  2. Vagus Nerve
  3. PGA
A
  1. histamine
  2. acetylcholine
  3. gastrin, somatostatin
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18
Q

Phases of Secretion (3)

A
  1. Cephalic
    • stimuli in head before food gets to stomach
  2. Gastric
    • when food reaches stomach (pepsin, AA)
    • protein increases gastric secretions
  3. Intestinal
    • inhibitory when chyme enters intestine
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19
Q

Two Alkaline Secretions

A
  1. Duct
    • NaHCO3
  2. Acinar Cells
    • digestive enzymes
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20
Q

Seven Exocrine Secretions of the Pancreas

A
  1. Zymogen (inactive precursor)
  2. Aqueous alkaline secretion
  3. Trypsinogen (tripsen)
  4. Chymotrypsinogen (chemotrypsin)
  5. Procorboxypetidase (corboxypepdidase)
  6. Amylase (poly to di)
  7. Lipase (fat digestion)
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21
Q

Liver Secretions

A
  • bio salts

- bile

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22
Q

Bile

A
  • fat digestion and absorption
  • secreted by liver
  • stored/concentrated in gall bladder
  • bile salts+cholesterol+lecithin (phospholipid)+bilirubin (yellow)
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23
Q

Micelle

A
  • fat absorption
  • transport digested fats (mono+free fatty)
  • transports fat soluble vitamins (k)
24
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  • NaCl actively transported out

- water flows out osmotically (this concentrates bile)

25
Q

What causes Gall Stones?

A

precipitation of concentrated bile constituents

26
Q

What is segmentation? Where does it occur?

A
  • primary motility
  • ring-like contraction
  • mixes
  • exposes all chyme to absorptive surface
  • small intestine
27
Q

What initiates segmentation?

A
  • pacemaker cells in small intestine
  • produce BER
  • frequency varies with region
28
Q

How does segmentation differ in duodenum and ileum?

A
  • more frequent in duodenum
29
Q

What stops segmentation? What happens next?

A
  • when most is absorbed

- migration motility complex starts

30
Q

Describe migration motility complex (MMC)

A
  • peristaltic waves sweep intestines clean between meals
31
Q

Describe the secretions in the small intestine

A
  • does not contain digestive enzymes
  • lubrication
  • salt solution
  • bush border enzymes
32
Q

What are the three Bush Border Enzymes and what is their function?

A
  1. Enterokinase
    • trypsinogen to trypsin
  2. Disaccharidases
    • disaccharides to monosaccharides
  3. Aminopeptidase
    • peptides to AA
33
Q

Where does the majority of digestion take place?

A

duodenum and jejunum

34
Q

What is absorbed in the ilium?

A

B12 and bio salt

35
Q

What does the crypt secrete?

A
  • new epithelial cells

- watery solution

36
Q

What happens to the products of fat digestion?

A

undergo transformations enabling passive absorption

37
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed?

A

carriers out of cell, diffuse into blood

38
Q

How are Amino Acids absorbed?

A

Na dependent transport

carriers move out of cell and diffuse into blood

39
Q

Describe fat absorption

A

passive transfer into epithelial cells

packaged into chylomicrons which enter lacteal (lymphatic vessels of villus)

40
Q

What is the primary function of the Large Intestine?

A
  • drying and storage
41
Q

Function of Colon

A
  • extracts H2O and NaCl from contents
42
Q

What are Taeriae Coli?

A
  • longitudinal bands of muscle in the large intestine
43
Q

What are Haustra?

A
  • pouches or sacs

- change location as a result of contraction of circular smooth muscle

44
Q

Describe Haustral contractions

A
  • slow (1/30min)

- initiated by autonomous rhythmicity of colonic smooth muscle cells

45
Q

Describe Haustral mass motility

A
  • move feces to distal areas
46
Q

Gastrocolic Reflex

A
  • stomach to colon
  • gastrin and autonomic nerves
  • after first meal of the day
  • followed by urge to defecate
47
Q

Defecation Reflex

A
  • stretch receptors in rectal walls
  • causes internal anal sphincters to relax
  • causes sigmoid colon to contract more vigorously (PNS)
  • if external anal sphincteris relaxed defecation occurs
48
Q

What is secreted in the large intestine?

A
  • alkaline mucous

- good bacteria

49
Q

What is lost in diarrhea

A
  • NaCl
  • Water
  • K+
  • HCO3-
50
Q

What stimulates Gastrin release? What inhibits gastrin release?

A
  • protein in stomach

- accumulation s of acid in stomach

51
Q

What is the effect of gastrin?

A
  • increased HCL and pepsin
  • increase gastric motility
  • increased ileal motility
  • relaxes ileal sphincter
  • mass movements in colon
  • maintains developed functional digestive tract lining
52
Q

What stimulates Secretin release?

A
  • acid in duodenum
53
Q

What is the effect of secretin?

A
  • all to neutralize stomach acid
  • inhibits gastric emptying
  • inhibits gastric secretion
  • stimulates pancreatic cells to produce more NaHCO3
  • stimulates liver to increase the same
  • trophic to exocrine in pancreas
54
Q

What is the effect of CCK?

A
  • inhibits gastric motility and secretion
  • stimulates pancreatic cells to increase enzymes
  • contract s gallbladder
  • relax sphincter of oddi
  • tropic to exocrine pancreas
  • long term effects on pancreas
  • regulates food intake
55
Q

What is the effect of CCK?

A
  • inhibits gastric motility and secretion
  • stimulates pancreatic cells to increase enzymes
  • contract s gallbladder
  • relax sphincter of oddi
  • tropic to exocrine pancreas
  • long term effects on pancreas
  • regulates food intake

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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