Chapter 21 Flashcards
Adulthood Cognitive Development
_________ _________ is:
-Intelligence is one basic trait that involves all cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts.
-Cannot be measured directly but inferred from various abilities
E.g. vocabulary, memory, and reasoning.
-Many scientists are trying to find one common factor (genes, early brain development, or some specific aspect of health) that underlies IQ.
General intelligence (g)
___U.S. Army: Tested aptitude of all literate draftees during World War I.
-Intellectual ability peaked at about age 18, stayed at that level until the mid-20s, and then began to decline.
____Classic study of 1,191 individuals, aged 10 to 60, from 19 New England villages.
-IQ scores peaked between ages 18 and 21 and then gradually fell, with the average 55-year-old scoring the same as the average 14-year-old.
is what type of research?
Cross-Sectional Research
**Data found many intellectual gains through adulthood
-Younger cohorts often better than older cohorts.
**Probably due to changes in the environment (more education, improved nutrition, smaller family size, fewer infections) and NOT changes in innate intelligence
***Better than cross-sectional research but also has problems
-E.g. practice effects, high attrition rates.
is what type of research?
Longitudinal Research
Combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
Cross-Sequential Research
What was this study called….?
- Cross-sequential study of adult intelligence
- Schaie began this study in 1956; the most recent testing was conducted in 2005.
- 500 adults, aged 20 to 50, were tested on five primary mental abilities.
- New cohort was added and followed every 7 years.
Seattle Longitudinal Study
- )Verbal meaning (comprehension)
- )Spatial orientation
- )Inductive reasoning
- )Number ability
- )Word fluency (rapid associations)
Measures in the Seattle Longitudinal Study
what are the Two Clusters of Intelligence (Cattell)?
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
name the intelligence
Those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Includes abilities such as working memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking.
fluid intelligence
name the intelligence
Those types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. Vocabulary and general information are examples
Crystallized intelligence
what are sternbergs 3 types of intelligence?
-Analytic
-Creative
and
-Practical intelligences
Which kind of intelligence is valued depends on age and culture.
- Analytic valued in high school and college, may be seen as _________
- Creative valued when new challenges arise, in only some _____ systems
- Practical valued during_______, useful in every society
absentminded; political; adulthood
Theory that people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well
Paul and Margaret Baltes, 1990.
Is called ____ ______ with ____________
Selective optimization with compensation
Someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful.
Selective expert
Guided by culture and context. Experts are more skilled, proficient, and knowledgeable at a particular task than the average person, especially a novice who has not practiced that skill. Experts do not necessarily have extraordinary intellectual ability.
is called……?
Expertise
Experts rely on their past experiences and on immediate contexts; their actions are more intuitive and less stereotypic. Novices follow formal procedures and rules.
Intuitive
